Appearance
Reasons, knowledge and plans
Recipes for English because / if / would have, habits, start / stop doing, as of that date, and when or why a feeling happens. Every form here is taught on a grammar page; each recipe links what it needs.
On this page
Reasons and conditions
English → Agazan
Needs: Dependent clauses · Contrary to a stance · Continue · Stacked discourse hooks · Because · Point back · Clause sequence
Time and discourse dependents use the same barl hang as if / because. Discourse glue after a finished sentence is /x/ continue, not a pole root.
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| although / while / whilst / until / till / before / after | same pole + barl shape on adverb /h/, -m (dependent clauses): hezom / huwem / homam / … |
| so that / in order to | same shape: hogom (so that); NP intended get = hogom + /b/ noun |
| despite (NP) | same hezom (or gezom) + /b/ noun, not a second pole |
| against the rules / against their will / contrary to the plan / against my decision / contrary to what I was told | hook uem + the stance it goes against: uem thedel / uem thuxedem balahen / uem thamam / uem thehul bamagon / uem thewam (contrary to a stance) |
| judging by / going by / given that (grounds) | inferring or pattern channel + barl: thunem barl / thobam barl (evidence clause) |
| therefore / thus / hence / consequently / as a result / accordingly (discourse) | xodum (continue) |
| thus (in this way) | the same adverb again: /h/ with -r (how English approximates -r) |
| the fact that / the idea that / it is a fact that | a predicate with a /z/ stand-in: genevem zarl zazawan vowogal.; or two sentences, then zarth (stand-in vowels): zazawan vowogal. zarth genevem. A clause never modifies a noun |
| due to / owing to / because of (NP) | thevem + /b/ noun (thevem berehel) |
| however / meanwhile (discourse) | xezom / xagagam |
| regardless of (NP) | same hezom + /b/ noun as despite |
| anyway / anyhow (back to the main line) | the resume hook or … (point back) |
| otherwise / or else (failing that) | xon between the clauses (clause sequence) |
| nevertheless / nonetheless (discourse) | xezom after the finished claim; inside one sentence, hezom barl |
| whereas (two claims set against each other) | xezom before the second claim, or hezom barl inside one sentence |
| moreover / furthermore (discourse) | ael … opens the sentence that goes further; al … adds a separate point (stacked discourse hooks) |
Obviously, apparently, perhaps, guess, assume
Needs: Evidence strength · MAY · Hold endings (NOTIONAL) · Hopefully and other attitudes · Unmet · As for · Asides · CAUSE · Every bar
English adverbs like obviously, apparently and presumably say how you know a claim. Agazan has no word for each one. It puts a channel on the clause as a /th/ word, and the ending grades the evidence: -l solid, -m ordinary, -r thin. Guess and assume are not channels: a guess is a could be (MAY), and an assumption is toying with a premise (NOTIONAL). Unfortunately says how you feel about the claim, so it is an attitude word.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| obviously / obvious (it is in plain view) | thodol | LIVE, a clear full view |
| obviously (the clues are strong) | thunel | INFERRED, strong clues |
| apparently / apparent / it seems (from clues) | thunem | INFERRED, ordinary |
| apparently (so they say) | thewam | TOLD |
| apparently (a glimpse) | thodor | LIVE, a glimpse |
| presumably (by the usual pattern) | thobam | PATTERN |
| presumably (a weak clue) | thuner | INFERRED, thin |
| guess / I guess / perhaps / maybe / possibly | thovum | MAY, could be |
| guess (a passing thought) | thovur | MAY, who knows |
| guess (a gut hunch) | thahor | FELT, faint |
| assume / suppose | thavor | NOTIONAL, toy with it for now |
| personally / in my view | hahehom bamagon | topic: as for me |
| by the way / aside (in passing) | th( … ) | aside fence, any place a stance word may sit |
| necessarily / it follows | thunel | INFERRED, strong clues |
| basically / fundamentally | hadawam | manner adverb on fundamental |
| overall / on the whole | hahehom bual | as for everything |
| automatically / by itself | zubugal vowogal thegem bubugar. | CAUSE, with the doer resumed as its own cause |
| increasingly / more and more | thenom zel + the quality | more than it used to be |
| unfortunately | thegathum | unspecified sake, unmet, can be softened |
| unfortunately (and it is final) | thegathul | unspecified sake, unmet, irreversible |
zazawan thunel vowogal.z-Azawan | th-INFERRED.strong | v-walk
"Obviously Azawan walks."
zalahen thovum vedabal.z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure
"I guess Alahen is leaving."
zazawan thavor vowogal.z-Azawan | th-NOTIONAL-suppose | v-walk
"Assume Azawan walks."
zazawan thegathum vedabal.z-Azawan | th-sake-unmet-modifiable | v-departure
"Unfortunately, Azawan is leaving."
Compare with: hopefully and worryingly are the other speaker attitudes (hopefully). Assuming that Q, P keeps the condition open: P with thoyem barl (if).
Reason, purpose, guilty
Needs: Because · Fault · Motive · Prescription · Attachment sites · So that · Why? · Emotion compose · Feeling with no object
English reason covers three jobs, and purpose, justify and guilty each split the same way. Name which one you mean: what made it happen (the because pole), what the speaker is doing it for (a motive, on a sake), or the faculty of thinking (the abstract sense of ebeha).
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| the reason it happened | thevem + /b/ | the because pole |
| my reason / justify (give your reasons) | …thom on a sake (thanathom) | motive: doing it for that sake |
| justified (the act is warranted) | …them on a sake (thanathem) | prescription: the act ought to serve that sake |
| the faculty of reason | zebeham | intellect |
| purpose (the outcome aimed at) | hogom + /b/ | so that |
| purpose (what my noun is for) | g…tho… after the noun (ganathom) | the noun's purpose is this sake |
| What is the purpose? | hogom bar | What for? |
| guilty / to blame | thevel + /b/ | the because pole, the reason broke a norm |
| guilty (the feeling) | a feeling word + thevel barl + your own act | the feeling, caused by your act, which broke a norm |
| hurt / upset (no fault named) | a feeling word + thevem barl + what happened | the feeling and its cause, with no one at fault |
| ashamed / embarrassed | gabohem | the embarrassment root as a property |
zazawan vedabal thevem berehel.z-Azawan | v-departure | [th-because | b-rain]
"The reason Azawan left is the rain."
zazawan vezebel thanathom.z-Azawan | v-tell | th-relatedness-motive-any-term
"Azawan's reason for telling is relatedness." — he justifies it as care for the tie
zazawan vowogal hogom barl zalahen vehahel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [h-so-that | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-sit
"Azawan walks so that Alahen sits." — the purpose of the walk
zazawan vedabal thevel barl zalahen vezebel.z-Azawan | v-departure | [th-because.fault | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
"Alahen is to blame for Azawan's leaving." — the telling broke a norm
thanathumam thevel barl zn vezebel.th-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-INTERNAL-FLOWING | [th-because.fault | b-that-clause] | z-speaker | v-tell
"I feel guilty for telling." — a cost to a tie, held inside, and my telling broke a norm
What makes the feeling guilt is the fault pole on your own act. The feeling word alone says only that a tie is under strain, the same word as hurt. With the because pole and someone else's act, the same feeling is hurt:
thanathumar thevem barl zalahen vezebel.th-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-INTERNAL-SURGING | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
"I'm hurt that Alahen told."
Put the act in /b/ after a fault pole, not the person (fault). Guilty is then the wrong rests on that act, and it leaves room for Alahen did a wrong thing without Alahen is bad.
Compare with: owning a harm to someone else (I'm sorry) is thanks and sorry, not a guilt feeling.
Kill, feed, remove, prevent, persuade, introduce, show, create, excite
Needs: Make someone do it · Decision · So that · Goal, source, path
English has a separate verb for make someone do X in many common cases: kill is make die, feed is make eat. Agazan has one way to say all of them. Keep the ordinary verb for what happens, let the one it happens to be the subject, and put the one who makes it happen in /b/ right after thegem (make). Change only the verb root.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| kill | zalahen vazagal thegem bazawan. | Alahen dies, Azawan makes it happen |
| feed | zalahen vagudal thegem bazawan. | Alahen eats, Azawan makes it happen |
| make X angry / paint it red (a result) | zazawan vanegel thegem balahen. | the adjective's verb root, Azawan becomes angry, Alahen makes it happen |
| arrived tired / left angry (a state during) | zalahen vedabal huwem barl zalahar gadadal. or zalahen gadadal. zalahar vedabal. | a /ɡ/ word right after the verb has no reading, so the state is its own clause |
| feed (a child, nurture) | zalahen vevedol dazawan. | the nurturing root, no thegem |
| remove | zubugal vedabal ual bexagadel thegem bazawan. | the book leaves the table, Azawan makes it happen |
| discard | zubugal veledol thegem bazawan. | the book is disposed of |
| prevent (make it not happen) | zalahen vedabal vul thegem bazawan. | Alahen does not leave, Azawan makes that so |
| prevent (act so that it will not) | zazawan vowogal hogom burl zalahen vedabal. | Azawan walks so that Alahen does not leave |
| persuade | zalahen thehum vowogal thegem bazawan. | Alahen decides to walk, Azawan makes that happen |
| introduce | zalahen velehal dazawan thegem bahaben. | Alahen learns Azawan, Ahaben makes it happen: make learned |
| show / display / reveal | zalahen dodogal vahahal thegem bazawan. | Alahen sees the dog, Azawan makes it happen |
| create (bring into being) | zodogal thegem bazawan. | the dog exists, Azawan makes it happen |
| create (make by work) | zazawan dodogal vamevel. | the production root |
| excite / thrill | zalahen vegevol thegem bazawan. | Alahen is delighted, Azawan makes it happen |
| encourage / inspire / motivate | zalahen thohum vowogal thegem bazawan. | Alahen wants to walk, Azawan makes that happen |
| convince (of a claim) | zalahen vegehol dazawan thegem bahaben. | Alahen trusts Azawan, Ahaben makes it happen |
zalahen vazagal thegem bazawan.z-Alahen | v-skull | [th-CAUSE | b-Azawan]
"Azawan kills Alahen."
zalahen thehum vowogal thegem bazawan.z-Alahen | th-DECISION-modifiable | v-walk | [th-CAUSE | b-Azawan]
"Azawan persuades Alahen to walk." — Alahen has decided, and can still change that
zazawan vowogal hogom burl zalahen vedabal.z-Azawan | v-walk | [h-so-that | b-lest-clause] | z-Alahen | v-departure
"Azawan walks so that Alahen does not leave."
Compare with: get someone to by asking is tell plus a to stand-in, not thegem. thegem says the causer made it happen. Persuading puts the decision mood on the one persuaded, so a later change of mind stays possible.
Know, mean, explain, realize, forget, become
Needs: Dependent clauses · Embedded whether · Because · Already, still, not yet · Can · Existence · As for · Start and stop · Comparatives
English verbs of knowing and saying (explain, realize, forget, mean) mostly sit on a few plain moves: tell, know, remember, and whether the change has come. Agazan keeps those roots and adds the phasal word for the change, so realize is already know and forget is no longer remember. Mean in the sense of signify is the compound ezebelovu (meaning, speech that carries a thought).
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| mean (signify) | zezebel dodogal vezebelovul. | the word carries the meaning dog |
| mean (intend) | zazawan thamam vowogal. | plans to walk (intention) |
| define | zazawan dezebelovul hahehom bodogal vezebel. | tells the meaning, about the dog |
| explain | zazawan balahen vezebel darl zalahen vowogal thevem barl zodogal varahal. | tells Alahen that the walk has the run as its reason |
| describe | zazawan hahehom bodogal balahen vezebel. | tells Alahen about the dog |
| know (that) | zazawan vubugam darl zodogal varahal. | knows that the dog runs; to say how you know it, use a channel |
| know whether / know which | zazawan vubugam dorl zodogal varahal. | knows whether the dog runs; a blank inside asks which (dor) |
| find out | zazawan vamagal dorl zodogal varahal. | finds whether the dog runs |
| know someone | zazawan hoham dalahen vahahal har. | has met Alahen at some point (ever) |
| know how to | zazawan vezehexal. | can sing (can) |
| realize / notice | zazawan hoham vubugam darl zodogal varahal. | already knows that the dog runs |
| forget | zazawan dalahen vevom hewem. | no longer remembers Alahen |
| become | zazawan vabedom dezebul. | starts being sleepy |
| exist | zodogal. | a lone noun: there is a dog |
| happen / occur | the event's own verb: verehel. | no helper word |
| depend on | zazawan vowogal tholum thevem berehel. | only because of rain |
| allege / claim | thewam on the clause | TOLD: so they say |
| compare / exceed | zazawan zalahen zel gelavam. | rank on a shared scale (comparatives) |
zazawan hoham vubugam darl zodogal varahal.z-Azawan | h-already | v-knowledge | d-that-clause | z-dog | v-run
"Azawan realizes that the dog runs."
zazawan dalahen vevom hewem.z-Azawan | d-Alahen | v-memory | h-no-longer
"Azawan forgets Alahen."
Compare with: explain with no reason is just tell (vezebel). Make something real is create.
Condition, factor, requirement, motivation, satisfaction, truth
Needs: If · Only because · Fault · Requirement · Motive · Met · Thanks and sorry · Intention · Speech manner · Evidentiality · Enough and too
English turns reasons and feelings into nouns (condition, motivation, satisfaction, truth). Agazan has no noun for most of them. It keeps the stance word on the clause, so the noun becomes a short claim about how you stand: a condition is the pole word, a motive is a sake, a requirement is a demand, a truth is how you vouch for it.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| condition (on the condition that) | thoyem barl / tholum barl | if / only if |
| factor (one cause among several) | thever barl | a share of the fault or cause |
| circumstance / context | a dependent after barl (huwem barl, thevem barl) | the situation as a clause |
| requirement / demand | thumel / thumem / thumer | rule, person, or expectation |
| necessary / unnecessary | thumel on the act; more than needed is the sake bar thegatham zel | required by a rule; past what the need asks |
| motivation / motive | zazawan vowogal thanathom. | does it for relatedness |
| satisfaction / pleasure | thozotham. | pleasure, met |
| desire / wish | zazawan thohum vowogal. | wants to walk |
| regret (for the harm) | thanathum behodon. | unmet relatedness, yours |
| mistake / error | gegegal gul or thevel barl | not correct, or at fault |
| assumption / premise | thavor | NOTIONAL, toy with it |
| truth / to tell the truth | thaveham | revelation |
| experience (first-hand) | thevom | WITNESSED, remembered as seen |
zazawan vowogal thanathom.z-Azawan | v-walk | th-relatedness-motive-any-term
"Azawan walks for relatedness." — that is the motive
thozotham.th-pleasure-met-any-term
"That was a pleasure."
Compare with: a sake word names the sake that is met, so pick the one you mean: relatedness, competence, pleasure (sakes). A noun that says what someone did is a free relative.
Biased, wishful thinking, overconfident
Needs: Motive · Want · MAY · Speech manner · Every bar
English biased says a view may be bent by what the holder wants from it. Agazan says that outright: put a motive on the thinking, so the view is held for a stake. Name the sake when you know which one, or use the unspecified sake ega. Wishful thinking and I'd like to believe are a want on the thinking itself. Overconfident ranks your trust against what the clues warrant: an INFERRED bar on trust.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| I may be biased | zamagon thovum vevegal thegathom. | I may think this for a stake of my own |
| biased (someone else) | zazawan vevegal thegathom. | Azawan thinks it for a stake |
| I'd like to believe / wishful thinking | zamagon thohum vevegal darl zalahen vowogal. | I want to think that Alahen walks |
| overconfident | zamagon thunem zel gegehom. | surer than the clues warrant |
| underconfident | zazawan thunem zuel gegehom. | less sure than the clues warrant |
| to be honest, before owning a bias | thaveham | speech manner |
thaveham zamagon thovum vevegal thegathom.th-revelation | z-speaker | th-MAY | v-think | th-sake-motive-any-term
"To be honest, I may be biased."
zamagon thunem zel gegehom.[z-speaker | th-INFERRED | z-rank/more | g-trust]
"I'm overconfident."
Compare with: I think as a guess is MAY on the claim. The motive says why the view is held, not how sure you are.
Factivity (if vs because)
Needs: If · Because · MAY · as-of · RESIDUE · forecasts
English because and if can hide whether you assert the dependent as a world fact. Agazan puts that choice on the pole: thevem asserts the condition as the reason the outcome rests on; thoyem does not (the outcome is under that opportunity). Only if vs only because is the same factivity split on the necessary pole.
zazawan vowogal thevem berehel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [th-because | b-rain]
"Azawan walks because it rains." Rain is asserted as the reason.
zazawan vowogal thoyem berehel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [th-if | b-rain]
"Azawan walks if it rains." Rain is not asserted; the main sentence is under that opportunity.
English If he'd left, the door would still be locked is not this pole. Write bookmark as-of (huram) plus RESIDUE / a forecast (a channel such as INFERRED plus bral) as needed, with no thoyem. thoyem stays speaker-now opportunity (if it rains). If it rains, the Friday tab still stands may stack both: thoyem plus a date in as-of /b/.
zoyel galagal thamom thunem bral huram barl zalahen vedabal.[z-door | g-locked] | th-RESIDUE | [th-INFERRED | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-departure
"If Alahen had left, the door would still be locked."
zamol thamom huhum b_#22,7 thoyem berehel.z-money | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | [th-if | b-rain]
"If it rains, the 22 July tab still stands."
Compare with: NOTIONAL is play (as if), not a bookmark now.
Remote and unreal conditions
Needs: If · Dependent clauses · stance numbers · NOTIONAL
English If Alahen swam, Azawan would walk (past-tense if) says the condition is a long shot. Keep the open pole thoyem barl and put unlikely thrul inside the dependent clause.
zazawan vowogal thoyem barl zalahen thrul vezewel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [th-if | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | th-unlikely | v-swim
"If Alahen swam, Azawan would walk." — Alahen swimming is unlikely
When the condition is known to be false (If Alahen had left…), keep the bookmark recipe from factivity and add suppose thavor inside the dependent. That marks the departure as imagined, not something that happened.
zoyel galagal thamom thunem bral huram barl zalahen thavor vedabal.[z-door | g-locked] | th-RESIDUE | [th-INFERRED | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | th-NOTIONAL-suppose | v-departure
"If Alahen had left, the door would still be locked." — Alahen did not leave
Epistemic because
English often uses because for speaker grounds (it rained, because the street is wet): Q is how you know P, not what made P happen. Put the inferring or pattern channel on the main sentence and hang the grounds on it with barl (evidence clause). The channel's ending grades the grounds.
verehel thunel barl zagavul gegeval.v-rain | [th-INFERRED.strong | b-that-clause] | [z-cloud | g-gray]
"It is raining, judging by the gray clouds."
Use thevem barl only when Q is also asserted as a world-foundation, what made P happen. For a soft could be with no grounds stated, put MAY (thovum, …) on the main sentence.
zalahen thovum vedabal dahaben.z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure | d-Ahaben
"Alahen may be leaving Ahaben."
For could be, use: MAY (ovu). thevem is world-reason under the claim; thunem / thobam + barl is the grounds you go by.
Related form: P, since / given that Q (Q already shared) uses thevem barl when Q is the reason P holds in the world, and thunem barl when Q is only your grounds.
Stacks (evidentiality, CAUSE, habit)
Needs: If · evidentiality · restrictors · CAUSE
A one-off episode and a standing pattern use the same poles. Add extra words for the extra jobs: evidential /th/ for how you know (evidentiality), hual / huam for habit (restrictors), thegem for mechanism (CAUSE).
zerehel goyem bagavul hual.[z-rain | [g-if | b-cloud]] | h-always
"Rain comes if there are clouds, as a standing pattern."
Compare with: to say how you know a general claim, put a channel on it (channels on a generalization). CAUSE is thegem.
Hoping something will happen
Needs: Hopefully · forecasts · evidentiality · soon
English I hope X will happen is two claims: you want it, and you expect it. thevegem gives the wanting. The will is a forecast, so it needs a channel plus bral (or brabum for soon). If nothing backs it but your gut, the honest channel is FELT: faint thahor for a slim hope, thahom for an ordinary one.
thevegem thahor brabum hewem verehel.th-hope | [th-FELT.weak | b-+-e-.about] | h-no-longer | v-rain
"I hope the rain stops soon."
Compare with: thevegem with no channel and no offset is hope about now: zazawan thevegem vowogal. is Hopefully Azawan walks.
Judging and helping
Important, useful, helpful, benefit, satisfy, upset
Needs: Sake inventory · Met · Emotion compose · Thanks and sorry · Bars
English useful, helpful, important and benefit judge a thing by what it does for someone. Agazan names the someone's sake (autonomy, competence, understanding, purpose, relatedness, beneficence, pleasure, physical). A met word says the thing serves that sake, and its ending says how long the payoff lasts. On a noun that is yours, the sake word sits on /ɡ/. On another noun, put it on /w/ before gobum. Put a person in /b/ for whose sake it is.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| useful / helpful / practical / relevant (for getting things done) | gulotham | competence, met |
| important / critical / crucial (it matters for the long run) | wamethal gobum | purpose, met, lasting |
| meaningful / worthwhile | wametham gobum | purpose, met |
| pointless / futile | wamethum gobum | purpose, unmet |
| glad to help / rewarding to give | thebetham. | the act met your beneficence |
| benefit / benefits Alahen | thanatham balahen | the act met Alahen's sake |
| advantage (a lead over someone) | zel with the scale | rank against the other |
| satisfy (you) | thanatham behodon | the act met your sake |
| satisfy (a requirement) | thumel zael + scale | tie against the rule: it meets the requirement |
| suitable / appropriate (for a need) | gulotham or thegatham zael | met, or enough for the need |
| more important than | zel between the nouns, then gamethal | rank on the lasting met sake |
| upset | wanathumar gobum | relatedness, unmet, held inside, surging |
| upset for someone | wanathumem gobum + /b/ | unmet relatedness on their behalf |
zubugal gulotham.z-book | g-competence-met-any-term
"My book is useful." — it helps me get things done
zumel wamethal gobum.z-memo | [w-purpose-met-lasting | g-stimulus]
"The memo is important." — it matters for the long run
zazawan vowogal thanatham balahen.z-Azawan | v-walk | [th-relatedness-met-any-term | b-Alahen]
"Azawan's walking benefits Alahen."
zumel zezebel zel gamethal.[z-memo | z-speech | z-rank/more | g-purpose-met-lasting]
"The memo is more important than the talk." — it matters more for the long run
zazawan zalahen zel gezehel.[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-rank/more | g-sing]
"Azawan has the advantage over Alahen at singing."
zumel wanathumar gobum.z-memo | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-INTERNAL-SURGING | g-stimulus]
"Upset about the memo."
Compare with: too and enough rank against a sake bar. Bare good and nice have no root; they go the same way, to a met sake.
Wrong, ugly
Needs: Fault · Every bar · Negation · Unmet
English wrong and ugly each hide a choice. Name which. Wrong is incorrect (not matching), morally wrong (someone broke a norm), or bad for someone (a sake unmet). Ugly is not beautiful, less beautiful than a bar, or unpleasant to me.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| wrong (incorrect) | gegegal gul | not correct, closed with gul |
| wrong (morally) | thevel barl + the act | fault on the act (fault) |
| wrong (bad for someone) | thanathum balahen | the act detracted from Alahen's sake |
| badly (manner) | the doer, then thobam zuel hegegal | less correctly than usual (manner words) |
| ugly (not beautiful) | gahabel gul | not beautiful |
| ugly (below a bar) | thevegem zuel gahabel | less beautiful than I hoped |
| ugly (unpleasant to me) | gozothum | my noun detracts from pleasure |
zezebel gegegal gul.z-speech | [g-correct | g-not]
"The telling is wrong."
zahaben thevegem zuel gahabel.[z-Ahaben | th-hope | z-rank/less | g-hibiscus]
"Ahaben is less beautiful than I hoped."
Compare with: bad, terrible and the other bare evaluatives have no root; they route to an unmet sake, a rank against a bar, or a specific content root.
Clear, honest, false, general, proud
Needs: Negation · Universals, domains and generics · Fault · Emotion compose · Number as stance
Many English adjectives are the plain opposite of something that has a root (unclear, honest, false). Agazan says the positive root and closes it with gul (not). Others claim how far something holds (general, universal, absolute). That is the universal fence: closed for no exceptions, open for as a rule. A few are a feeling (proud), which is an emotion compose, so the sake and the stimulus are named.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| unclear / obscure | gagazam gul | not clear |
| honest / truthful / sincere | galaham gul | not deceiving |
| false / untrue | gegegal gul | not correct |
| responsible (to blame) | thevel barl + the act | fault on the act (fault) |
| responsible (in charge) | gabazem | of authority |
| general / generally true | zuam with the kind | every member, as a rule |
| universal / absolute / without exception | zual with the kind | every member, no exceptions |
| comprehensive / covers everything | zual with the scope | every member, nothing left out |
| sure / confident (I am) | stance number th+e | certain, no exceptions |
| proud (of something) | wulothamam gobum after the thing | competence met, held inside, flowing |
zubugal gagazam gul.z-book | [g-clarity | g-not]
"The book is unclear."
zuam gavahel gahadul.[z-everything.open | g-fire] | g-hot
"Fire is hot, as a rule."
zumel wulothamam gobum.z-memo | [w-competence-met-any-term-INTERNAL-FLOWING | g-stimulus]
"Proud of the memo."
Compare with: proud rides on whichever sake the pride serves: competence for a skill, relatedness for a tie (sakes). Confident about someone else's claim needs a holder. th+e is only the speaker's own certainty.
Starting and stopping
Needs: objects /d/, word endings.
English start / stop / finish doing something are ordinary verbs. Put the activity in /d/ as an ordinary noun (dowogal a walk).
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| start | vabedom | ▶️ abedol play button |
| stop | vazadal | 🛑 azadal stop sign |
| finish | vevehal | 🏁 evehal finish line |
zazawan vabedom dowogal.z-Azawan | v-commencement | d-walk
"Azawan starts walking."
zazawan vevehal dowogal.z-Azawan | v-finish-line | d-walk
"Azawan finishes walking."
Stop means the activity ends, finished or not. Finish means it reached its end.
Compare with: still / no longer / not yet are phasal words, not these verbs.
Against a dated now
Residue against a snapshot
Needs: RESIDUE and FORMER · evidentiality · as-of · NOTIONAL
RESIDUE and FORMER without a hosted pair score against today’s books. To score them against a dated now, add as-of. LIVE plus as-of puts the camera in that snapshot. WITNESSED plus as-of is memory of a scene whose internal now is the snapshot. Write thevom again on the next memory clause; resume the books with huhur. MAY still evaluates from speech-now.
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
"As of 22 July, Alahen’s leaving still counted."
zazawan thodom huhum b_#22,7 vowogal.z-Azawan | th-LIVE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-walk
"Azawan is walking — we're there on 22 July."
zalahen thevom huhum b_#22,7 thamom vedabal. xazawan thevom huhur vowogal.z-Alahen | th-WITNESSED | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-RESIDUE | v-departure . x-Azawan | th-WITNESSED | h-as-of.ledger | v-walk
"I remember: as of 22 July, Alahen's leaving still counted. Azawan was walking — also from memory, against the same books."
zazawan hual vezebel thenom huhum b_#22,7.z-Azawan | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
"As of 22 July, Azawan's always telling was already a former pattern."
NOTIONAL may stack with as-of (as if, from Friday’s books). Serious English if he had stays bookmark huram, not play.
zalahen thavom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.z-Alahen | th-NOTIONAL | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
"As if, from the 22 July books, Alahen were leaving."
Plan and forecast against a snapshot
Needs: PLAN · forecasts · DECISION · as-of
PLAN and a forecast (channel + bral) without a hosted pair score against speech-now. With as-of, PLAN is the intention from that now (was going to), and the forecast offset counts after that now (would rain). Repeat the channel and bral on the next clause; resume whose-now with huhur / hurar. DECISION stays how revisable the pick is now.
zalahen thamar vowogal huhum b_#22,7.z-Alahen | th-plan-sketch | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
"As of 22 July, Alahen was going to walk."
thobam bral huram b_#22,7 verehel. xazawan thobam bral hurar vowogal.[th-PATTERN | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_22,7] | v-rain . x-Azawan | [th-PATTERN | b-later] | h-as-of.bookmark | v-walk
"Taking 22 July as now (a placeholder), it would rain, going by the pattern. Azawan would walk too, on the same placeholder."
zalahen thehum vowogal huhum b_#22,7.z-Alahen | th-DECISION-modifiable | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
"As of 22 July, Alahen had decided to walk, and that pick is still revisable now."
Feelings: when and why
When the stimulus happens
Needs: Emotion compose · forecasts · evidentiality · evidence strength · RESIDUE · NOTIONAL
A feeling word is how you feel now. The stimulus can sit anywhere in time. To place it, write a channel and an offset right after gobum, as for any forecast or dated claim: the offset dates the stimulus, and the channel says how you know it.
zezebel wulothuraor gobum therel bral.[z-speech | [w-competence-unmet-passing-CIRCUM-SURGING | g-stimulus]] | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-later]
"Anxious about the dialogue that's scheduled to come."
zezebel wulothuraor gobum thahor bral.[z-speech | [w-competence-unmet-passing-CIRCUM-SURGING | g-stimulus]] | [th-FELT.weak | b-later]
"Anxious about a dialogue I only have a hunch is coming."
zezebel wanathumol gobum thevom brul.[z-speech | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus]] | [th-WITNESSED | b-earlier]
"Stung by the dialogue, which is over; I was there."
Other shapes use forms you already have:
| Stimulus | Write | English |
|---|---|---|
| coming | channel + bral | dreading, hoping |
| over | channel + brul | regretting, relieved, grieving |
| over, still counting | RESIDUE thamom | still stung, though it's done |
| recurring | always hual | dreading every dialogue |
| did not happen | NOTIONAL | relieved about what didn't happen |
A feeling with no object can take a channel and offset too. Then the stimulus is real but unnamed: you know when it is, not what it is.
thulothuruor thahor bral.th-competence-unmet-passing-UNPLACED-SURGING | [th-FELT.weak | b-later]
"Anxious about something I sense is coming."
How the stimulus is known matters. A scheduled dialogue (therel) and a hunch (thahor) can feel the same; the grammar asks which one it is.
Feeling then
Needs: Emotion compose · stance as-of · evidentiality
To say you felt it at another time, date the feeling itself with stance as-of: thuhum plus the time or event in /b/, after the stimulus. Add a remembering channel for I remember feeling it.
zezebel wanathumol gobum thuhum bezebel.[z-speech | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus]] | [th-as-of.ledger | b-speech]
"The dialogue stung me at the time." — nothing is said about now
zezebel wanathumol gobum thevom thuhum bezebel.[z-speech | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus]] | th-WITNESSED | [th-as-of.ledger | b-speech]
"I remember the dialogue stinging at the time."
With no pair, the feeling is now. Keeping it hurt then apart from it hurts now lets you say that a feeling has passed.
Cause is not target
Needs: Emotion compose · Because · Fault · MAY
A direction locus says where the charge goes. It does not say who caused it. Name the cause with the because pole after the feeling, and name its fault only when you mean it. The target and the cause may differ.
zezebel wanathumom gobum bazawan thevem berehel.[z-speech | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-FLOWING | g-stimulus] | b-Azawan]] | [th-because | b-rain]
"Irritated at Azawan about the dialogue, but the rain caused it."
zumel wanathumol gobum balahen thevem barl zalahen vezebel.[z-memo | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus] | b-Alahen]] | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
"Resentful at Alahen about the memo, because Alahen told."
zumel wanathumol gobum balahen thovum thevel barl zalahen vezebel.[z-memo | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus] | b-Alahen]] | th-MAY | [th-because.fault | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
"Resentful at Alahen about the memo; maybe Alahen was wrong to tell."
Put an act after the pole (barl zalahen vezebel), not the person. A feeling can be aimed at Alahen; blame goes on what Alahen did.
Curious, confused, bored, awed, surprised
Needs: Sake inventory · Emotion compose · Feeling with no object · Mirative
Most of these feelings are about the understanding sake: whether something makes sense. Surprise is different. It says the news ran against what you expected, so it is the mirative, and a sake word says how the news lands.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| curious about | wadothomom gobum | understanding as the motive, aimed at it, flowing |
| interested in | wadothamam gobum | understanding met, held inside, flowing |
| fascinated by | wadothamor gobum | understanding met, aimed at it, surging |
| it clicked / aha | thadotharar. | understanding met right away, held inside, surging |
| confused by | wadothumaom gobum | understanding unmet, can be softened, over the situation, flowing |
| bored by | wadothurul gobum | understanding unmet for now, moving off, still |
| bored (no object) | thadothural. | understanding unmet for now, held inside, still |
| in awe of | wadothalaol gobum | understanding met for good, over the situation, still |
| it turns out / surprisingly | thezum | mirative on the clause |
| amazed / astonished | thezul | mirative: a firm expectation overturned |
| pleasantly surprised by | a met feeling + thezum | how it lands, plus the mirative |
zagegel wadothalaol gobum.z-galaxy | [w-understanding-met-lasting-CIRCUM-STILL | g-stimulus]
"In awe of the galaxy."
zebel wozothamar gobum thezum.[z-present | [w-pleasure-met-any-term-INTERNAL-SURGING | g-stimulus]] | th-MIRATIVE
"Pleasantly surprised by the present."
Something new for its own sake (new sights, variety) is the pleasure sake, not understanding. Bored can be either: nothing new to enjoy is unmet pleasure; nothing new to learn is unmet understanding.
Practice
Reasons and conditions
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer. thevem asserts the condition as a fact the outcome rests on; thoyem does not; English if he had is bookmark as-of, not thoyem. Speaker-grounds stay thovum (MAY). Habit uses hual.
Setting: a chemistry lab
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | |
| Alahen | alahen | |
| Ahaben | ahaben | |
| test-tube | udul | |
| melt | emehul | |
| run | varahal | |
| fire | avahel | |
| sit | vehahel | ehahel chair |
| pour | vobohol | |
| see | vahahal | ahahal eye |
| if | thoyem | oyel door |
| only-if | tholum | olul paper-roll |
| because | thevem | evel brick |
| MAY | thovum | ovul thought |
| CAUSE | thegem | egel gear |
| RESIDUE | thamom | |
| INFERRED | thunem | unel investigate |
| as-of.bookmark | huram |
English → Agazan
1. Alahen pours because Ahaben sees. (the seeing is asserted)
Show answer
zalahen vobohol thevem barl zahaben vahahal.
z-Alahen | v-pour | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Ahaben | v-see
2. Azawan pours if there is a test-tube. (the test-tube is not asserted)
Show answer
zazawan vobohol thoyem budul.
z-Azawan | v-pour | [th-if | b-test-tube]
3. Azawan may be pouring. (could be, not a world-reason)
Show answer
zazawan thovum vobohol.
z-Azawan | th-MAY | v-pour
4. Azawan may be sitting, because Alahen pours.
Show answer
zazawan thovum vehahel thevem barl zalahen vobohol.
z-Azawan | th-MAY | v-sit | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-pour
5. Melting happens if there is fire, as a standing pattern.
Show answer
zemehul goyem bavahel hual.
[z-melt | [g-if | b-fire]] | h-always
6. If Alahen had poured, the test-tube would still be melting.
Show answer
zudul vemehul thamom thunem bral huram barl zalahen vobohol.
z-test-tube | v-melt | th-RESIDUE | [th-INFERRED | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-pour
Agazan → English
1. zazawan vobohol thevem bavahel.
Show answer
z-Azawan | v-pour | [th-because | b-fire]
Azawan pours because there is fire.
2. zalahen vobohol thoyem budul.
Show answer
z-Alahen | v-pour | [th-if | b-test-tube]
Alahen pours if there is a test-tube.
3. zahaben thovum vahahal.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-MAY | v-see
Ahaben may be seeing.
4. zalahen thovum vobohol thevem barl zahaben vahahal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-pour | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Ahaben | v-see
Alahen may be pouring, because Ahaben sees.
5. zazawan varahal thoyem bavahel hual.
Show answer
z-Azawan | v-run | [th-if | b-fire] | h-always
Azawan always runs if there is fire.
6. zudul vemehul thamom thunem bral huram barl zalahen vobohol.
Show answer
z-test-tube | v-melt | th-RESIDUE | [th-INFERRED | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-pour
If Alahen had poured, the test-tube would still be melting.
Plans against a snapshot
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer. PLAN and forecasts score against the snapshot.
Setting: a delayed departure board
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| walk | vowogal |
| rain | verehel |
| plan-sketch | thamar |
| PATTERN | thobam |
| as-of.ledger | huhum |
| as-of.bookmark | huram |
| DECISION-modifiable | thehum |
English → Agazan
1. As of 22 July, Alahen was going to walk.
Show answer
zalahen thamar vowogal huhum b_#22,7.
z-Alahen | th-plan-sketch | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
2. Taking 22 July as now (a placeholder), it would rain, going by the pattern.
Show answer
thobam bral huram b_#22,7 verehel.
[th-PATTERN | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_22,7] | v-rain
3. As of 22 July, Alahen had decided to walk, and that pick is still revisable now.
Show answer
zalahen thehum vowogal huhum b_#22,7.
z-Alahen | th-DECISION-modifiable | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
Agazan → English
1. thobam bral huram b_#22,7 verehel. xazawan thobam bral hurar vowogal.
Show answer
[th-PATTERN | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_22,7] | v-rain . x-Azawan | [th-PATTERN | b-later] | h-as-of.bookmark | v-walk
Taking 22 July as now (a placeholder), it would rain, going by the pattern. Azawan would walk too, on the same placeholder.
2. zalahen thamar vowogal huhum b_#22,7.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-plan-sketch | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
As of 22 July, Alahen was going to walk.
3. zalahen thehum vowogal huhum b_#22,7.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-DECISION-modifiable | v-walk | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
As of 22 July, Alahen had decided to walk, and that pick is still revisable now.
Knowledge against a dated now
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a film archive
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | ||
| Alahen | alahen | ||
| departure | vedabal | ||
| walk | vowogal | ||
| RESIDUE | thamom | ||
| WITNESSED | thevom | ||
| LIVE | thodom | ||
| MAY | thovum | ||
| as-of.ledger | huhum |
English → Agazan
1. As of 22 July, Alahen’s leaving still counted.
Show answer
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.
z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
2. Azawan is walking — we're there on 22 July.
Show answer
zazawan thodom huhum b_#22,7 vowogal.
z-Azawan | th-LIVE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-walk
3. As of 22 July, Alahen's leaving may still have counted.
Show answer
zalahen thovum thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.
z-Alahen | th-MAY | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
Agazan → English
1. zalahen thevom huhum b_#22,7 thamom vedabal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-WITNESSED | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-RESIDUE | v-departure
I remember: as of 22 July, Alahen's leaving still counted.
2. zalahen thevom huhum b_#22,7 thamom vedabal. xazawan thevom huhur vowogal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-WITNESSED | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-RESIDUE | v-departure . x-Azawan | th-WITNESSED | h-as-of.ledger | v-walk
I remember: as of 22 July, Alahen's leaving still counted. Azawan was walking — also from memory, against the same books.
3. zalahen thovum thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-MAY | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
As of 22 July, Alahen's leaving may still have counted.
Feelings: when and why
Short drills for these recipes. A channel and offset after gobum date the stimulus. thuhum dates the feeling. The because pole names the cause; thevel says someone was wrong.
Setting: a harbor office
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | |
| Alahen | alahen | |
| speech | ezebel | |
| memo | umel | |
| tell | vezebel | ezebel speech |
| rain | verehel | |
| stimulus | gobum | |
| RECORDED.strong | therel | |
| WITNESSED | thevom | |
| as-of.ledger | thuhum | |
| because | thevem | evel brick |
| because.fault | thevel | evel brick |
English → Agazan
1. Anxious about the dialogue, which is scheduled. (competence at stake for now; hangs over the room; surging)
Show answer
zezebel wulothuraor gobum therel bral.
[z-speech | [w-competence-unmet-passing-CIRCUM-SURGING | g-stimulus]] | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-later]
2. Irritated at Azawan about the memo, but the rain caused it. (unmet relatedness, modifiable; aimed; flowing)
Show answer
zumel wanathumom gobum bazawan thevem berehel.
[z-memo | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-FLOWING | g-stimulus] | b-Azawan]] | [th-because | b-rain]
Agazan → English
1. zumel wanathumol gobum thuhum bezebel.
Show answer
[z-memo | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus]] | [th-as-of.ledger | b-speech]
The memo stung me at the time of the dialogue.
2. zezebel wanathumol gobum balahen thevel barl zalahen vezebel.
Show answer
[z-speech | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus] | b-Alahen]] | [th-because.fault | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
Resentful at Alahen about the dialogue; Alahen was wrong to tell.