Hooks (including / in / instead / for)

On this page

• Beginner
  • Including (am / al)
  • Rather (el)
  • Instead (ol)
  • Except (ul)
  • Closed and open endings
  • Glue this sentence to prior talk
  • Extra noun (/b/ after the hook)
  • Since (ul on a time)
  • Translation practice
• Intermediate
  • Ending grids
  • Extra noun: stacked vowels and loose -m
  • Whose (em)
  • Opening a sentence with stacked hooks
  • Somewhere, nowhere, everywhere
  • Here and there, this and that
  • Point back (or / ar / ur / er)
  • Parallel chains
  • Discourse placements
  • Detail on the hook (/w/)
  • Spans (oel / ual / uel)
  • Translation practice
• Advanced
  • Hook compounds (cite + extra-noun hook)
  • Translation practice
• See also

Beginner

Use these short words to hook a right-hand piece onto what is already in play: a same-role phrase, the prior sentence, or an extra noun. They have no role letter (no z / v / g / …): just a vowel (or stacked vowels) plus an ending.

Three placements share the same spellings. Tell them apart from what sits to the right, and whether a /b/ word already sat to the left.

Including (am / al)

You already named something (A), and you want English including B in that same slot. Put a hook between two phrases that play the same clause role (both subjects, both objects, both adjectives, …): A HOOK B. That hooks B onto A in place; it does not package A and B as a pair. Everyday including uses al. (cue: a ≈ add.)

A HOOK B

zavahal al zazawan.

z-family | including | z-Azawan

"The family, including Azawan."

Compare with: packaging two members as a list uses a join (zodogal zagadul zam a dog and a cat). A hook hooks B onto A; it does not name a pair.

zavahal am zazawan.

z-family | including.open | z-Azawan

"The family, including Azawan and maybe more."

Rather (el)

You already named a wording (A), and you want English or rather B: a better reading of the same slot, not a second member and not a swap. Keep A HOOK B and use vowel e. You keep A's slot and replace the wording. (cue: e ≈ order.)

zazawan gadadal el gezebul.

[z-Azawan | g-tired] | rather | g-sleepy

"Azawan is tired, or rather, sleepy."

Instead (ol)

You want English instead: B takes A's slot. Same A HOOK B shape; vowel o. The left-hand side is what you named first; the right-hand side is what belongs there. (cue: o ≈ one.)

dedehel ol dagavel.

d-tea | instead | d-coffee

"Coffee instead of tea."

Compare with: Azawan tells on behalf of Alahen keeps Azawan as the teller (a proxy relation); ol puts someone else in that slot.

Except (ul)

You want English except: keep A and subtract B from that same slot. Same A HOOK B shape; vowel u. (cue: u ≈ undo.)

zavahal ul zazawan.

z-family | except | z-Azawan

"The family except Azawan."

The left side can be a stand-in clause (clause joins); the right side is then a clause:

xual ul zazawan vowogal.

x-everything | except | z-Azawan | v-walk

"Everything happened except that Azawan walked."

Agazan	Use	English	Cue
a	add a member in the same slot	including: A, including B	a ≈ add
e	offer a better wording	rather: A, or rather B	e ≈ order
o	swap the item	instead: B in place of A	o ≈ one
u	subtract an exception	except: A except B	u ≈ undo

Closed and open endings

For every same-role hook you also choose how complete the right-hand side is. -l is the unmarked English (including B, except B, instead, or rather). -m means B is not the whole story: add and maybe more. When you are unsure, prefer -m.

Agazan	Use	English	Cue
-l (al / el / ol / ul)	B is the whole story you stand behind	unmarked (including B, except B, …)	l ≈ locked
-m (am / em / om / um)	B is not the only one	and maybe more	m ≈ maybe more

zavahal um zazawan.

z-family | except.open | z-Azawan

"The family except Azawan, and maybe others."

Glue this sentence to prior talk

Sometimes the thing you want to tweak is not a phrase inside this sentence, but how this sentence attaches to what you already said (the glue, or sentence-to-sentence connective). Put the same spellings at the front of this sentence: prior talk plays A's role, and this whole sentence is B. You get Additionally, In other words, Instead, or Except without a list join and without a continue-linker. (cue: same a / o / e / u map as in-clause.)

Agazan	Use	English	Cue
al …	further committed point	Additionally, …	a ≈ add
el …	rephrase prior	In other words, …	e ≈ order
ol …	this claim replaces prior	Instead, … / Actually, …	o ≈ one
ul …	exception to the prior frame	Except, …	u ≈ undo

al zazawan vowogal.

additionally | z-Azawan | v-walk

"Additionally, Azawan walks."

ol zalahen vezebal.

instead | z-Alahen | v-sleep

"Instead, Alahen sleeps."

Use the same ol … for actually when you correct what someone expected: the new claim replaces the old one.

el zahaben godogal.

in.other.words | z-Ahaben | g-dog

"In other words, Ahaben is a dog."

Compare with: however / therefore use continue linkers. A fronted hook only changes how this sentence attaches to what you already said.

Extra noun (/b/ after the hook)

When the next word after the hook is /b/, the hook names how that extra noun sits toward the clause (or toward the noun already in play). This is not the recipient (zazawan balahen vezebel tells Alahen). Right after a recipient, the hook is same-role including instead (bazawan al balahen). (cue: /b/ on the right of the hook, no recipient on the left)

Simplex vowels (one vowel plus an ending):

Agazan	Name	Use	Cue
al	in	containment	a ≈ add (into a volume)
ol	at	coincidence with a point	o ≈ one (the one point)
ul	from	source of a path	u ≈ undo (leave)
el	for	intended get	e ≈ order (aim the act)

zodogal vezebal al bahazal.

z-dog | v-sleep | [in | b-house]

"A dog sleeps in a house."

To ask where?, put the fill-ask blank bar after the hook (ol bar where?, ul bar where from?) — see Where?.

zalahen vehahel ol bebedel.

z-Alahen | v-sit | [at | b-plate]

"Alahen sits at a plate."

zazawan dawahel vobohol ul bedebul.

z-Azawan | d-wine | v-pour | [from | b-teapot]

"Azawan pours wine from a teapot."

zazawan vugugal el bavahal.

z-Azawan | v-cook | [for | b-family]

"Azawan cooks for a family."

When /b/ is a person or group, el names who the act is meant to benefit: cooks for Alahen is the same for. The intended get is whatever the act brings them.

zazawan vugugal el balahen.

z-Azawan | v-cook | [for | b-Alahen]

"Azawan cooks for Alahen."

-l is the exact extra. Frame -m waits for Intermediate, with the rest of the extra-noun grid.

Compare with: Additionally, Azawan walks is a fronted hook whose next word is not /b/ (al zazawan vowogal). Like a duck is still a hosted simile. Tells on behalf of Alahen is proxy. Naming the place of an event as its own noun (a sleep-place, that scream-place) is a role compound with vowel e, not this hook on the same clause.

Since (ul on a time)

For since (from a starting point, and still true now), use ul from with a time instead of a place: from the thunderstorm on. henum after only places the event later. ul says it has run from that point until now. (cue: u ≈ undo: leave the starting point behind)

zazawan vehahel ul bavodel.

z-Azawan | v-sit | [from | b-thunderstorm]

"Azawan has been sitting since the thunderstorm."

For since before a sentence, put barl after ul and the starting event after it.

zazawan vowogal ul barl zalahen vezebal.

z-Azawan | v-walk | [from | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-sleep

"Azawan has been walking since Alahen fell asleep."

ul is the only hook that takes barl. Every other hook needs a real noun in /b/.

Compare with: since meaning because is thevem barl. Agazan keeps the time reading and the cause reading apart.

Translation practice

Short drills for Beginner. Try each item before opening Show answer.

Setting: a restaurant pass

Roots used here:

English	Agazan	Same root as
Azawan	azawan
Alahen	alahen
Ahaben	ahaben
plate	ebedel
salad	azavul
family	avahal
teapot	edebul
wine	awahel
beer	ebehol
red	eredal
blue	ubuhel
cook	vugugal
pour	vobohol
sit	vehahel	ehahel chair

English → Agazan

1. The family, including Alahen.

Show answer

zavahal al zalahen.

z-family | including | z-Alahen

2. Wine instead of beer.

Show answer

debehol ol dawahel.

d-beer | instead | d-wine

3. The family except Alahen.

Show answer

zavahal ul zalahen.

z-family | except | z-Alahen

4. Additionally, Azawan cooks.

Show answer

al zazawan vugugal.

additionally | z-Azawan | v-cook

5. A plate and a salad.

Show answer

zebedel zazavul zam.

[z-plate | z-salad | z-and.open]

6. The plate is red, or rather, blue.

Show answer

zebedel geredal el gubuhel.

[z-plate | g-red] | rather | g-blue

7. Alahen sits at a plate.

Show answer

zalahen vehahel ol bebedel.

z-Alahen | v-sit | [at | b-plate]

8. Azawan cooks for a family.

Show answer

zazawan vugugal el bavahal.

z-Azawan | v-cook | [for | b-family]

9. Beer instead of wine, and maybe something else too.

Show answer

dawahel om debehol.

d-wine | instead.open | d-beer

Agazan → English

1. zavahal am zahaben.

Show answer

z-family | including.open | z-Ahaben

The family, including Ahaben and maybe more.

2. dawahel ol debehol.

Show answer

d-wine | instead | d-beer

Beer instead of wine.

3. zavahal ul zahaben.

Show answer

z-family | except | z-Ahaben

The family except Ahaben.

4. al zalahen vugugal.

Show answer

additionally | z-Alahen | v-cook

Additionally, Alahen cooks.

5. el zalahen vobohol dawahel.

Show answer

in.other.words | z-Alahen | v-pour | d-wine

In other words, Alahen pours wine.

6. ul zazawan vehahel.

Show answer

except | z-Azawan | v-sit

Except, Azawan sits.

7. zazavul al bebedel.

Show answer

z-salad | [in | b-plate]

The salad in a plate.

8. zalahen dawahel vobohol ul bedebul.

Show answer

z-Alahen | d-wine | v-pour | [from | b-teapot]

Alahen pours wine from a teapot.

9. zavahal um zalahen.

Show answer

z-family | except.open | z-Alahen

The family except Alahen, and maybe others.

Intermediate

Ending grids

Beginner already used closed -l and open -m for how complete B is, or how this sentence attaches to prior talk.

In-clause

	-l	-m
a (including)	al: including B	am: including B, and maybe more
e (rather)	el: or rather B	em: or rather B, and maybe more
o (instead)	ol: instead (B in place of A)	om: B instead of A, B being one of several possible replacements
u (except)	ul: except B	um: except B, and maybe more

Discourse

	-l	-m
a (additionally)	al: Additionally, …	am: Additionally, … and maybe more
e (in other words)	el: In other words, …	em: In other words, … and maybe more
o (instead)	ol: Instead, …	om: Instead, … and maybe more
u (except)	ul: Except, …	um: Except, … and maybe more

Hook -n is only when the hook titles a proper-name phrase (-n): a store, a title, a handle. Ordinary talk keeps -l / -m. The sides keep their usual endings (kinds -l, abstracts -m, a name still -n).

dedehel on dagavel.

NAME[d-tea | instead | d-coffee]

"Tea-to-Coffee" (a cafe name)

Compare with: no dog / not X uses a prefixed join (zodogal zul). Prefix-less ul excepts a right-hand side in the same slot.

zodogal zul.

[z-dog | z-not]

"No dog."

Extra noun: stacked vowels and loose -m

Beginner already used simplex extra-noun hooks (in / at / from / for). Stacked vowels name the rest of the everyday extras. Same trigger: /b/ is immediately after the hook, and the word immediately to the left of the hook (skipping /w/) is not a recipient /b/ (so bazawan al balahen is including).

A hook + /b/ right after a landmark (the /b/ of another extra, or of a host such as a locative relation) describes that landmark: the village near me.

zazawan vowogal al bahedem om bamagon.

z-Azawan | v-walk | [in | [b-locality | [near | b-speaker]]]

"Azawan walks in the village near me."

For two extras on the clause, put a non-/b/ word between the first landmark and the next hook; the verb can sit there (ul bezedel vowogal oel bedehal).

-m names a frame extra, not a second copy of the same extra: the landmark is a setting, not the exact contact, source, tool, or opponent.

-l	English	-m	English	Cue
al	in	am	amid	a ≈ add (into a volume); -m that volume as the setting
aol	on	aom	over	ao ≈ add onto one face; -m that face as the setting
ol	at	om	near	o ≈ one (the one point); -m that point as the setting
oel	toward	oem	in the direction of	oe ≈ order toward one point; -m that aim as the setting
ul	from	um	away from	u ≈ undo (leave); -m that origin as the setting
ual	out of	uam	out from among	ua ≈ leave a volume; -m that volume as the setting
uol	through	uom	by way of	uo ≈ leave via one path; -m that path as the setting
el	for	em	used by (B's)	e ≈ order (aim the act); -m the get has reached B and is in B's use
ael	using	aem	by	ae ≈ add an ordered means; -m the channel
uel	against	uem	contrary to	ue ≈ undo aimed at; -m the opposing frame

zazawan vehahel aol behahel.

z-Azawan | v-sit | [on | b-chair]

"Azawan sits on a chair."

zazawan dubugal ael bebewel varadal.

z-Azawan | d-book | [using | b-pen] | v-write

"Azawan writes a book with a pen."

Compare with: hook oel names where a path ends (toward X). A sequence join on one noun, zoel, names where it starts (from X on).

zazawan uel bagavol vavadal.

z-Azawan | [against | b-guard] | v-fight

"Azawan fights against a guard."

zazawan vezebel aem bagahol.

z-Azawan | v-tell | [by | b-camera]

"Azawan tells by camera."

zazawan vowogal uem berehel.

z-Azawan | v-walk | [contrary-to | b-rain]

"Azawan walks contrary to rain."

To ask how? about the means (with what?), put the blank bar after ael, the same way as Where?.

yol zazawan dubugal ael bar varadal.

y-question | z-Azawan | d-book | [using | b-who] | v-write

"How does Azawan write the book?"

Whose (em)

English Azawan's dog often means the dog is in Azawan's use: Azawan keeps it, walks it, feeds it. Put em right after the noun and the user in /b/. em says B uses the thing or has access to it. It does not say who owns it. (cue: el is for B, a get meant to reach B; em says it already reached B and is in B's use)

zodogal em bazawan varahal.

[z-dog | [used-by | b-Azawan]] | v-run

"Azawan's dog runs."

zazawan dahazal em balahen vahahal.

z-Azawan | [d-house | [used-by | b-Alahen]] | v-see

"Azawan sees Alahen's house." (the house Alahen lives in)

For my and your, put the speaker or listener in /b/: em bamagon is my, em behodon is your.

zodogal em bamagon vezebal.

[z-dog | [used-by | b-speaker]] | v-sleep

"My dog sleeps."

To describe the thing, put its /ɡ/ word between the noun and em. The adjective stays on the noun, and em still attaches to the noun. A /ɡ/ word after the /b/ describes B instead (complex chaining).

zodogal gelavam em bamagon vezebal.

[z-dog | g-big | [used-by | b-speaker]] | v-sleep

"My big dog sleeps."

With no verb, the same order is a sentence. A noun marked with em is one the listener can pick out, so the /ɡ/ word is a property, not there is ….

zodogal gelavam em bamagon.

[z-dog | g-big | [used-by | b-speaker]]

"My dog is big."

Compare with: zodogal gelavam. is There is a big dog (existence): a new noun with no em introduces the thing. zodogal em bamagon gelavam puts big on the speaker, not the dog. zodogal em bamagon. alone says your dog is here (there's my dog).

Things B uses include places B lives or sits, tools and rides B uses, ideas B works with, and B's turn, time, or occasion: Azawan's birthday is the day that is Azawan's to have.

zebeval em bazawan.

[z-birthday | [used-by | b-Azawan]]

"It's Azawan's birthday."

Other kinds of 's each have their own word:

English 's	Use
legal ownership (the dog Azawan owns)	gegabem + /b/
a person tied to B (Azawan's friend, boss, patient)	a tie on /ɡ/ (relations)
part of B (Azawan's hand), what B is made of or comes from	of relations
a feeling B has (Azawan's anger)	emotion compose
something B made (the book Azawan wrote)	a role compound

em always needs a noun on its left: it belongs to the nearest noun before it (after that noun's /ɡ/ words). After a verb or at the start of a sentence there is no thing for B to use, so em + /b/ is not a sentence there. For someone's act (Azawan's walk), say the act as its own sentence, then point back to it. em never takes a person on the left: a person is not something someone uses. It never names a feeling or trait either, which stays something B has, not something B is made of.

Compare with: for Azawan is el. A sake on /ɡ/ also marks the noun as yours, together with how it serves you.

Opening a sentence with stacked hooks

At the front of a sentence (no /b/ after it), stacked ael is a discourse hook: ae ≈ add, ranked upward. ael … opens a sentence: ael … adds a point that goes further than what came before, like English In fact, … / What's more, ….

ael zalahen vezebal.

in.fact | z-Alahen | v-sleep

"In fact, Alahen sleeps."

Stacked aol … says this sentence is one case of what you just said, like English For example, …. (cue: ao ≈ add one: a single sample) With -m, aom … adds among others and aem … adds in fact, and maybe more. No other stacked hook opens a sentence: for next, by the way and on the contrary use a linker.

zavahal vowogal. aol zalahen vowogal.

z-family | v-walk . for.example | z-Alahen | v-walk

"The family walks. For example, Alahen walks."

Compare with: al … Additionally adds a separate point next to the last one; aol … gives an instance of it. Inside a clause, such as is am (including, and maybe more).

Somewhere, nowhere, everywhere

Put a standalone join in the /b/ slot after a place hook. Outside a question, bar is an unspecified member (somewhere), the same way zar is someone. Under yol, it is the where? blank.

Agazan	English
ol bar	somewhere (under yol: where?)
ol bur	somewhere else
ol bal	nowhere
ol bual	everywhere

zazawan vowogal ol bual.

z-Azawan | v-walk | [at | b-everything]

"Azawan walks everywhere."

zodogal vezebal ol bal.

z-dog | v-sleep | [at | b-none]

"The dog sleeps nowhere."

Several extra-noun hooks on one clause are several extras (from one landmark toward another). Extra-noun -n titles that extra as a proper-name phrase the same way; the landmark keeps its own ending.

Compare with: company with Alahen is a join-relation. Without is a join-relation too. Like stays simile. Between stays a hosted pair plus a /b/ join (relations). So that Alahen sits is still hogom barl.

Here and there, this and that

English here, there, this, and that point at things by distance. Agazan points from a person in the conversation instead: put a place hook before speaker, listener, or interlocutors in /b/. You always say whose here you mean, the same way viewpoint laterals say whose left.

Names come first. When you know who is talking or listening, use their name as the landmark (om bazawan near Azawan). Speaker and listener are for when the conversation role is the point, or you have no name to use.

Agazan	Landmark	English
om bamagon	near the speaker	here, this
om behodon	near the listener	there (by you), that
om bahan	near both of you	here (with us)
um bahan	away from both of you	over there, yonder

Use ol in place of om for the exact spot (ol bamagon right where I am).

zodogal om bamagon vehahel.

z-dog | [near | b-speaker] | v-sit

"This dog sits here by me."

zazawan dubugal om behodon vahahal.

z-Azawan | d-book | [near | b-listener] | v-see

"Azawan sees that book by you."

zalahen vezebal um bahan.

z-Alahen | v-sleep | [away-from | b-interlocutors]

"Alahen sleeps over there."

English come and go also point from a person, but they hide which one: I'm coming moves toward the listener, not the speaker. Agazan names the landmark with the plain motion verb vuvudel (go) and a path hook: oel (toward) for come, ul (from) for go away. vuvudel says nothing about how someone travels; use vowogal (walk) or varahal (run) only when the manner matters.

zazawan vuvudel oel bamagon.

z-Azawan | v-go | [toward | b-speaker]

"Azawan comes over to me."

zalahen vuvudel oel behodon.

z-Alahen | v-go | [toward | b-listener]

"Alahen is coming to you."

zazawan vuvudel ul bamagon.

z-Azawan | v-go | [from | b-speaker]

"Azawan goes away from me."

With an object, vuvudel moves something else: zazawan vuvudel dehahel. Azawan moves the chair. When the mover goes along with the thing, use valagel (carry). The same hooks then give English bring and take:

zazawan valagel dabegol oel bamagon.

z-Azawan | v-carry | d-package | [toward | b-speaker]

"Azawan brings me the package."

zazawan valagel dabegol ul bamagon.

z-Azawan | v-carry | d-package | [from | b-speaker]

"Azawan takes the package away."

In reported speech, the speaker is still whoever says the whole sentence. After that (darl, see dependents), om bamagon is near the person talking now. Inside a quoted cite span, the quoted person is the speaker, as in English direct quotes.

Compare with: that dog for a dog already named is resume -r (zodogar), not a place. Where? is ol bar (Where?). There for a place already named is a resume hook.

Point back (or / ar / ur / er)

A hook with -r points back, the way resume -r does on a noun. It takes no noun to its right, and none to its left to pair with (it is not a same-role hook). Only the plain vowels point back: ar, er, or, ur. (A span hook with -r has words on both sides and means something else.)

After the verb, a resume hook points back to a landmark already in play. You do not repeat the /b/ word.

Agazan	Points back to	English
ar	inside the place already named	in there / in it
or	the place already named	there
ur	the place already named, as a source	from there
er	the one already named, as a goal	for that / for it

zazawan vehahel ol bahazal. zalahen vehahel or.

z-Azawan | v-sit | [at | b-house] . z-Alahen | v-sit | there

"Azawan sits at the house. Alahen sits there too."

zodogal vezebal al bahazal. zodogar varahal ur.

z-dog | v-sleep | [in | b-house] . z-←dog | v-run | from.there

"The dog sleeps in the house. It runs from there."

At the front of a sentence, a resume hook points back to an earlier stretch of talk, not just the last sentence.

Agazan	Use	English	Cue
or …	back to the main line after a side topic	Anyway, …	o ≈ one (the one main thread)
er …	say an earlier point again	As I said, …	e ≈ order (the wording again)
ar …	add to an earlier point, not the last one	Going back to that, …	a ≈ add
ur …	drop the last point	Never mind that, …	u ≈ undo

or zazawan vowogal.

anyway | z-Azawan | v-walk

"Anyway, Azawan walks."

ur zalahen vezebal.

never.mind.that | z-Alahen | v-sleep

"Never mind that: Alahen sleeps."

Compare with: ol … Instead replaces the last claim. or … Anyway leaves the side topic standing and returns to the main one; it leaves the topic alone too, so after a side topic the full return is or xazawar …. To go back to a person or thing rather than a line of talk, return to it as the topic (xazawar), which also makes it the topic again.

Parallel chains

You already hook one named A with a single A HOOK B. To stack several hooks on that same A (including B and except C, or two includings), add more hooks after the first right-hand side: A HOOK₁ B HOOK₂ C. Each hook still applies to A in parallel, with its own side; vowels and endings may mix. English including (B except C) would nest C under B instead.

zavahal am zazawan ul zalahen.

z-family | including.open | z-Azawan | except | z-Alahen

"The family, including Azawan and maybe more, except Alahen."

Chain	English
A am B am C	A including B and including C, and maybe more
A al B al C	A including B and including C
A am B ul C	A including B, and maybe more, except C
A ul B ul C	A except B and except C

Same-role includes the verb phrase:

varahal om vowogal.

v-run | instead.open | v-walk

"Walk instead of run, or some other replacement."

Compare with: a hook binds last. A list join after the hook closes first and becomes the hook's B side: zodogal ol zagadul zebedul zam is a cat and a bird (and possibly more) instead of a dog.

Discourse placements

Beginner already used a hook at the front of a default statement. Same spellings and vowel meanings, four places:

Placement	Agazan	Use
Before a written turn marker	HOOK yal BODY	The written yal / yol / …, after any vocatives and interjections
Before a default-statement body	HOOK BODY	Implied yal (speech moves)
Later clause under /x/	… JOIN HOOK BODY	Same as the opener
Before an /x/ linker	HOOK LINKER BODY	Same as prior talk

One discourse hook per opener (no parallel discourse chains on one turn marker). In-clause chains stay inside the body. After an explicit turn marker, the same spellings in the body are in-clause hooks.

On a later clause in a clause /x/ join, the hook sits right after the join, before that clause’s body: A xam al B → A and additionally B. Before an /x/ linker (therefore, however, …), it scopes the linker+body stretch: al xodum … → Additionally, therefore …. Prefer plain al … or plain xodum … when one cue is enough.

yazawan al zalahen vowogal.

y-Azawan | additionally | z-Alahen | v-walk

"Azawan: additionally, Alahen walks." (vocative, then discourse hook)

Compare with: packaging a list uses prefixed joins (zal / zam / val …).

Detail on the hook (/w/)

/w/ always sits immediately before what it grades. A prefix-less hook is a host, the same way /ɡ/ and /h/ are. Put ordinary detail or a restrictor on /w/ before the hook, then the hook’s right-hand piece.

Same-role: the except (or including, rather, instead) carries that detail; clause /h/ still grades the verb.

zavahal wezogom ul zazawan.

z-family | [w-hesitation | except] | z-Azawan

"The family, hesitantly excepting Azawan."

zavahal wal ul zazawan.

z-family | [w-never | except] | z-Azawan

"The family, never excepting Azawan."

A surprise word on the including hook gives English even: wezum al adds B and says openly that B is the one nobody expected.

zalahen wezum al zazawan vowogal.

z-Alahen | [w-amazement | including] | z-Azawan | v-walk

"Alahen walks, and even Azawan does."

Compare with: zavahal ul zazawan hadehum vugugal puts haste on the cooking, not on the except.

Extra-noun: /b/ still sits immediately after the hook. A later /ɡ/ still describes the landmark.

zodogal vezebal wal al bahazal.

z-dog | v-sleep | [[w-never | in] | b-house]

"A dog sleeps, never in a house."

Discourse glue uses the same window: welavam al zazawan vowogal is Additionally, very much so, Azawan walks. After the hook, next /b/ still means extra-noun, not glue.

Spans (oel / ual / uel)

When the items sit on a line with an order (people in a queue, days, chapters, numbers), English A through B names a span: A, B, and everything between. Put a stacked hook between two words in the same role: A HOOK B. Between same-role words these hooks name only spans; with /b/ on the right and no /b/ on the left, they stay extra-noun hooks (toward, out of, against).

zazawan oel zahaben vowogal.

z-Azawan | through | z-Ahaben | v-walk

"Everyone from Azawan through Ahaben walks."

Agazan	Use	English	Cue
oel	A, B, and everything between	A through B	oe ≈ one after another, in order
ual	only what lies between	strictly between A and B	ua ≈ take away both ends
uel	only what lies outside	outside A–B	ue ≈ undo the ordered stretch

The endpoints are a path in spoken order. Endings work as on other hooks: -m makes the ends soft (roughly A through B), and -n names the span as a whole. -r stands in for one member you are not naming, and under a question it asks which one:

zazawan uar zahaben vezebal.

z-Azawan | some.strictly-between | z-Ahaben | v-sleep

"Someone between Azawan and Ahaben sleeps."

A span -r always has a word on each side; with nothing on the right, ar / ur still point back. Stacked hooks take -r only in a span.

zazawan ual zahaben vezebal.

z-Azawan | strictly-between | z-Ahaben | v-sleep

"Everyone between Azawan and Ahaben sleeps."

Between two numbers with digits, plain al and ul also make a span, because 3, including 5 has nothing to include into: ranges.

Scope stays flat. Something right after B describes B alone. /w/ immediately before the hook grades the span itself:

zazawan wezum oel zahaben vowogal.

z-Azawan | [w-amazement | through] | z-Ahaben | v-walk

"Amazingly, everyone from Azawan through Ahaben walks."

Compare with: zazawan zahaben zal is Azawan and Ahaben, the two ends only. zazawan zahaben zoel is Azawan, then Ahaben, an order with nothing between. Spatial between a train and a station is a relation, not a span.

Translation practice

Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer.

Setting: a newsroom

Roots used here:

English	Agazan	Same root as
Azawan	azawan
Alahen	alahen
Ahaben	ahaben
newspaper	unuzel
page	abehel
camera	agahol
radio	eredel
red	eredal
write	varadal
tell	vezebel	ezebel speech

English → Agazan

1. The newspaper, including Azawan and maybe more, except Alahen.

Show answer

zunuzel am zazawan ul zalahen.

z-newspaper | including.open | z-Azawan | except | z-Alahen

2. Azawan writes over a page.

Show answer

zazawan varadal aom babehel.

z-Azawan | v-write | [over | b-page]

3. A newspaper instead of the page, or some other replacement.

Show answer

dabehel om dunuzel.

d-page | instead.open | d-newspaper

4. A radio instead of a camera.

Show answer

zagahol ol zeredel.

z-camera | instead | z-radio

5. Azawan: additionally, Alahen writes.

Show answer

yazawan al zalahen varadal.

y-Azawan | additionally | z-Alahen | v-write

6. Azawan writes and additionally Alahen tells.

Show answer

zazawan varadal xam al zalahen vezebel.

[z-Azawan | v-write | x-and.open | additionally | z-Alahen | v-tell]

7. Azawan writes with a camera.

Show answer

zazawan ael bagahol varadal.

z-Azawan | [using | b-camera] | v-write

8. Azawan writes on a page.

Show answer

zazawan varadal aol babehel.

z-Azawan | v-write | [on | b-page]

9. Azawan writes on a page. Alahen writes there too.

Show answer

zazawan varadal aol babehel. zalahen varadal or.

z-Azawan | v-write | [on | b-page] . z-Alahen | v-write | there

10. Anyway, Alahen tells.

Show answer

or zalahen vezebel.

anyway | z-Alahen | v-tell

11. Azawan writes Alahen's page.

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zazawan dabehel em balahen varadal.

z-Azawan | [d-page | [used-by | b-Alahen]] | v-write

12. Alahen's camera is red.

Show answer

zagahol geredal em balahen.

[z-camera | g-red | [used-by | b-Alahen]]

Agazan → English

1. zunuzel am zahaben ul zazawan.

Show answer

z-newspaper | including.open | z-Ahaben | except | z-Azawan

The newspaper, including Ahaben and maybe more, except Azawan.

2. zazawan vezebel aem beredel.

Show answer

z-Azawan | v-tell | [by | b-radio]

Azawan tells by radio.

3. yahaben ol zalahen varadal.

Show answer

y-Ahaben | instead | z-Alahen | v-write

Ahaben: instead, Alahen writes.

4. zunuzel am zazawan am zalahen.

Show answer

z-newspaper | including.open | z-Azawan | including.open | z-Alahen

The newspaper, including Azawan and including Alahen, and maybe more.

5. varadal om vezebel.

Show answer

v-write | instead.open | v-tell

Tell instead of write, or some other replacement.

6. zunuzel al zahaben ul zalahen.

Show answer

z-newspaper | including | z-Ahaben | except | z-Alahen

The newspaper, including Ahaben, except Alahen.

7. zazawan ael bagahol varadal.

Show answer

z-Azawan | [using | b-camera] | v-write

Azawan writes with a camera.

8. zazawan varadal aol babehel.

Show answer

z-Azawan | v-write | [on | b-page]

Azawan writes on a page.

9. zunuzel vezebel. aol zahaben vezebel.

Show answer

z-newspaper | v-tell . for.example | z-Ahaben | v-tell

The newspaper tells. For example, Ahaben tells.

10. zunuzel geredal em bazawan.

Show answer

[z-newspaper | g-red | [used-by | b-Azawan]]

Azawan's newspaper is red.

Advanced

Hook compounds (cite + extra-noun hook)

Intermediate already used a free extra-noun hook beside a verb (vowogal ul bezedel walks from a station). You can fuse that extra-noun hook onto a finished citation so the hook is the event kind: enter, leave, oppose, and the rest of the extra-noun grid.

Keep the left word’s own -l or -m. Then write the extra-noun hook. There is no mid-word x. The dictionary lemma is the citation (no role letter), because the same stem can sit under /z/ or /ɡ/ as well as /v/.

CITE + HOOK
owogal + ul → owogalul

In a clause, add a role letter to that citation (vowogalul). The extra participant is an ordinary object (/d/), not /b/ (that would still be a recipient after a verb).

zazawan dezedel vowogalul.

z-Azawan | d-station | v-leave

"Azawan leaves a station."

owogalul

leave

"leave" (citation)

The left ending is part of the stem, so two different left roots stay distinct once the hook is attached.

Hook	Free extra-noun	Fused -l	Fused -m	Citation (from walk)
al / am	in / amid	enter	mill amid	owogalal / owogalam
aol / aom	on / over	mount	cover	owogalaol / owogalaom
ol / om	at / near	attend	adjoin	owogalol / owogalom
oel / oem	toward / in the direction of	head for	orient	owogaloel / owogaloem
ul / um	from / away from	leave	recede	owogalul / owogalum
ual / uam	out of / out from among	exit	pick out	owogalual / owogaluam
uol / uom	through / by way of	traverse	relay	owogaluol / owogaluom
el / em	for / used by	serve	have in use	owogalel / owogalem
ael / aem	using / by	wield	channel	owogalael / owogalaem
uel / uem	against / contrary to	oppose	defy	owogaluel / owogaluem

zalahen dedehel vowogalel.

z-Alahen | d-tea | v-serve

"Alahen serves tea."

A left root that is not walk still uses the same hook job (vezebeluel contradict: tell fused with against). Listed dictionary lemmas stay citations (owogalul, not vowogalul).

Compare with: vowogal ul bezedel still walks from a station as two words. Same-role including / rather / instead / except stay prefix-less hooks, not this fuse. A lexical compound like bedroom glues two content roots with a join letter; this glues a citation to an extra-noun hook.

Translation practice

Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer.

Setting: a ferry slip

Roots used here:

English	Agazan	Same root as	Cue
Azawan	azawan
Alahen	alahen
Ahaben	ahaben
leave	owogalul	owogal walk	cited walk plus from
enter	owogalal	owogal walk	cited walk plus in
head for	owogaloel	owogal walk	cited walk plus toward
exit	owogalual	owogal walk	cited walk plus out of
oppose	owogaluel	owogal walk	cited walk plus against
traverse	owogaluol	owogal walk	cited walk plus through
boat	obodal
fog	avegel
ice	azahol
anchor	agel

English → Agazan

1. Azawan leaves a boat.

Show answer

zazawan dobodal vowogalul.

z-Azawan | d-boat | v-leave

2. Alahen heads for a boat.

Show answer

zalahen dobodal vowogaloel.

z-Alahen | d-boat | v-head-for

3. Ahaben exits fog.

Show answer

zahaben davegel vowogalual.

z-Ahaben | d-fog | v-exit

4. Azawan opposes ice.

Show answer

zazawan dazahol vowogaluel.

z-Azawan | d-ice | v-oppose

5. Alahen traverses fog.

Show answer

zalahen davegel vowogaluol.

z-Alahen | d-fog | v-traverse

6. Azawan enters fog.

Show answer

zazawan davegel vowogalal.

z-Azawan | d-fog | v-enter

Agazan → English

1. davegel zalahen vowogalul.

Show answer

d-fog | z-Alahen | v-leave

Alahen leaves fog.

2. zazawan dagel vowogaloel.

Show answer

z-Azawan | d-anchor | v-head-for

Azawan heads for an anchor.

3. zalahen dobodal vowogalual.

Show answer

z-Alahen | d-boat | v-exit

Alahen exits a boat.

4. zahaben davegel vowogaluel.

Show answer

z-Ahaben | d-fog | v-oppose

Ahaben opposes fog.

5. zazawan dazahol vowogaluol.

Show answer

z-Azawan | d-ice | v-traverse

Azawan traverses ice.

6. zalahen dobodal vowogalal.

Show answer

z-Alahen | d-boat | v-enter

Alahen enters a boat.

See also

• List joins (and / or): joins.md
• Hosted leftover relations (like, between, of): relations.md
• When this hook counts: restrictors.md
• Prefix-less citation: word-endings.md
• Titled phrases: word-endings.md
• Dictionary compounds without x: x-compounds.md