Universality
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Mood on one adjective
The /th/ words MAY and the channels, NOTIONAL, and the /h/ words RESIDUE and FORMER cover the whole sentence. When one applies only to a single /ɡ/ adjective, put the same word on /w/ right before that adjective instead.
Only words about how you know or how things stand move to /w/ this way: the ones above, CAUSE, the already / still words, and can with oda. A plan, decision, try, or want stays on its own letter (/th/, or /h/ for a try): on /w/ the same spelling is the ordinary word of its root (wagom as planned, wogem decidedly, wowam tentatively, walom wishfully).
zazozon danobal wevum gerulol vayebel.z-Azozon | [d-hat | [w-MEMORY | g-red]] | v-see
"Azozon sees a hat that I remember as red."
zazozon danobal wugem gerulol vayebel.z-Azozon | [d-hat | [w-LIVE | g-red]] | v-see
"Azozon sees a hat that I can see is red."
zazozon waram gadamul vowurol.[z-Azozon | [w-RESIDUE | g-tired]] | v-walk
"Azozon walks, still tired." (the tiredness from earlier has not worn off)
Dated channel (signed offset)
English three hours ago and in three hours count from now. Ageben counts from the channel instead: put a measure phrase in /b/ immediately after the evidential. Any other noun there is the source; a time measure is the offset. The amount is signed: - is earlier than now, + is later than now. The offset always dates the event, not the moment you learned about it. There is no bare ago word, so a dated claim always says how you know it.
zazozon thevum blagorum grugel vowurol.z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | [bl-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-walk
"I saw Azozon walk three hours ago."
zalazun thebam blagorum gragel vudurul.z-Alazun | [th-REPORTED | [bl-hour | g-three]] | v-departure
"I hear Alazun leaves in three hours."
Some channels only point one way:
| Channel | Sign | Why |
|---|---|---|
thevum MEMORY | - only | you already observed it |
thugem LIVE | no offset | the scene is in view now |
thubom PATTERN | - or + | -: it happened then, if the pattern held; +: it will, if the pattern holds |
theyom CLUES, thebam REPORTED, thabem INTUITION | - or + | the channel does not fix the time |
PLAN thagom | + only | the intended act is later |
The wrong sign on a one-way word (thevum with +, thagom with -) is not a sentence.
A carried channel keeps its offset. Date the first sentence of a story, and the bare sentences after it happen then too, so a past story needs no tense and no offset on every line. A new offset starts a new frame.
zazozon thevum blazurom grubal vowurol. zazozon vehohel.z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | [bl-day | g-minus-one]] | v-walk . z-Azozon | v-sit
"I saw Azozon walk yesterday. Azozon sat down." (the sitting was yesterday too, as I remember)
A signed measure in the /b/ of a time pole (harum until, huvahum by, habam before, halam after, herom during) counts from now, the same way. The pole itself needs no channel, but its clause must already be a command, a request, or a plan, or carry a channel of its own (a carried frame does not count). So a command or a plan can name a day without saying how anyone knows, while a plain statement cannot use a pole to slip in a past or future with no warrant. An absolute date in the pole (harum bl_#22,7) needs none of this.
yol vuhamum zawan harum blazurom grabal.y-command | v-confidentiality | z-listener | [h-until | [bl-day | g-one]]
"Keep the secret until tomorrow."
For just and about to, use the just-short amount with no unit: blruwul is a hair before now, blrawul is a hair after now.
zazozon thevum blruwul vowurol.z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | bl---e-] | v-walk
"I just saw Azozon walk."
theyom blrawul verulal.[th-CLUES | bl-+-e-] | v-rain
"It looks like it's about to rain."
For soon, soften that hair with open -m: blrawum is a short while after now. It is later than about to (blrawul) but still close, unlike open-ended later (blral).
theyom blrawum verulal.[th-CLUES | bl-+-e-.about] | v-rain
"It looks like it will rain soon."
The mirror, blruwum, is a short while before now: recently.
zazozon thevum blruwum vowurol.z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | bl---e-.about] | v-walk
"I saw Azozon walk recently."
zalazun thubom blagorum grugel vezuvel.z-Alazun | [th-PATTERN | [bl-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-sleep
"Going by the pattern, Alazun slept three hours ago."
A channel used as a comparison bar takes the same offset, which dates the bar: MEMORY with a day before is than yesterday.
zazozon thevum blazurom grubal zol guzemel.[z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | [bl-day | g-minus-one]] | z-rank/more | g-sleepy]
"Azozon is sleepier than yesterday."
With an as-of pair, the offset counts from the as-of moment instead of from the moment you speak.
Compare with: an absolute clock or date (h_#22,7) dates the event without a channel. RESIDUE and FORMER do not locate time, so they take no offset.
Now and today
Ageben has no short now word. Say now with an offset of zero: the event sits no time away from the moment you speak. The channel stays, so now still says how you know it.
zalazun theyom blagorum gramol vezuvel.z-Alazun | [th-CLUES | [bl-hour | g-zero]] | v-sleep
"Alazun must be asleep right now."
The unit sets how wide now is. Zero hours is right now; zero days is today.
zazozon thebam blazurom gramol vozuyel.z-Azozon | [th-REPORTED | [bl-day | g-zero]] | v-sing
"I hear Azozon sings today."
Use zero on a channel that takes either sign. LIVE thugem already means now in view, so it needs no offset. MEMORY takes - only and PLAN takes + only, so zero is not a sentence on them.
Channels on a generalization
English always, usually, every, and never make a general claim. The universal fences (zual / zuam) and the restrictors (hual / huam / hal) already say who or when the claim covers, and their ending says how many exceptions it allows: closed -l allows none, and open -m leaves them open, as on any list (usually, as a rule). No other word is needed for the claim itself.
zazozon huam vowurol.z-Azozon | h-always.open | v-walk
"Azozon usually walks."
To say how you know the general claim, add a channel. On a clause with a universal fence or restrictor, the channel is your warrant for the whole generalization, not for one case, and its ending says how much backs it.
zazozon hual vowurol thubor.z-Azozon | h-always | v-walk | th-PATTERN.weak
"Azozon always walks, from the few cases I have seen."
zual gwozeduyol veduyol thanal.[z-everything | g-role-agent-teach] | v-teach | th-DEDUCED.strong
"It follows that every teacher teaches." (every step could be shown)
zalazun hal vabuvul thebal blezunal.z-Alazun | h-never | v-punch | [th-REPORTED.strong | bl-soccer]
"Alazun never punches, per the soccer rules."
The fence says how far the claim reaches, and the channel says what it rests on. Keep the two apart: always, as far as I have checked is closed hual with a weak channel, because you claim no exceptions on thin evidence. Open huam does not claim that: it leaves the exceptions open.
| English | Fence or restrictor | Channel | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| usually, as a rule | huam / zuam | any, or none | zazozon huam vowurol. |
| always, as far as I have checked | hual / zual | a weak channel | zazozon hual vowurol thubor. |
| it follows that every … | zual | DEDUCED.strong thanal | zual gwozeduyol veduyol thanal. |
| by definition | zual + thehom blarl | none | zual geyel gwozeduyol thehom blarl zeyer veduyol. |
| under the rules of … | hal / hual | REPORTED.strong with the rules in /b/ | zalazun hal vabuvul thebal blezunal. |
| cats are sleepy (in general) | zuam + kind | any, or none | zuam gogozel guzemel thubom. |
A cause or condition on a general claim says how things work. It holds for each member or occasion, the same way the verb does. Inside the sentence after blarl, resume the kind with -r (zogozer) to mean that same one: each cat, in turn.
zual gogozel vezuvel thewom thohem blarl zogozer guzemel.[z-everything | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-CAUSE | [th-if | bl-that-clause] | [z-←cat | g-sleepy]
"Every cat sleeps when it is sleepy; that is how it works."
A definition works both ways: whatever has the property is that kind, and every member of the kind has it. Write it on a closed fence with thehom (if and only if, from causation). The grounds sentence is the defining property. A definition needs no channel, because it is a decision about a word, not a report about the world.
zual geyel gwozeduyol thehom blarl zeyer veduyol.[z-everything | g-person] | g-role-agent-teach | [th-iff | bl-that-clause] | z-←person | v-teach
"By definition, a person is a teacher if and only if they teach."
The channel stays on the main sentence and covers the whole generalization. Put it before the pole, as with the evidence clause: zual gogozel vezuvel thubol thohem blarl … is going by a well-established pattern, every cat sleeps when ….
Compare with: a general claim you are not giving as today's report is FORMER (helam). Every cat must sleep as a rule someone sets is a requirement (hwuvom), not a law of how things work. Maybe every cat sleeps is MAY on the same clause.
Practice
Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a film archive
New words:
| English | Ageben | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| cat | ogozel | 🐈 |
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| LIVE | thugem |
| MEMORY | thevum |
| PATTERN | thubom |
| CAUSE | thewom |
| if | thohem |
| sleepy | uzemel |
| red | erulol |
| hour | agorum |
| camera | ugewel |
| walk | vowurol |
| write | varuyol |
| sit | vehohel |
| sleep | vezuvel |
| see | vayebel |
| dress | edobal |
English → Ageben
1. Alazun sees a dress that I can see is red.
Show answer
zalazun dedobal wugem gerulol vayebel.
z-Alazun | [d-dress | [w-LIVE | g-red]] | v-see
2. I saw Azozon write three hours ago.
Show answer
zazozon thevum blagorum grugel varuyol.
z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | [bl-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-write
3. Cats sleep, as a rule, going by the pattern.
Show answer
zuam gogozel vezuvel thubom.
[z-everything.open | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-PATTERN
Ageben → English
1. zazozon hual vehohel thubor.
Show answer
z-Azozon | h-always | v-sit | th-PATTERN.weak
Azozon always sits, going by the few cases I have seen.
2. zalazun thubom blagorum grugel vezuvel.
Show answer
z-Alazun | [th-PATTERN | [bl-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-sleep
Going by the pattern, Alazun slept three hours ago.
3. zual gogozel vezuvel thewom thohem blarl zogozer guzemel.
Show answer
[z-everything | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-CAUSE | [th-if | bl-that-clause] | [z-←cat | g-sleepy]
Every cat sleeps when it is sleepy; that is how it works.
4. zazozon thevum blruwul dugewel vayebel.
Show answer
z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | bl---e-] | d-camera | v-see
I just saw Azozon look at the camera.
Pick one
1. I saw Azozon walk recently. zazozon thevum blruwum vowurol. or zazozon thevum blruwul vowurol.
Show answer
zazozon thevum blruwum vowurol.
z-Azozon | [th-MEMORY | bl---e-.about] | v-walk
Open -m softens the hair into a short while ago; -l is just now.
What changes
1. zazozon dedobal wevum gerulol vayebel. / zazozon dedobal wugem gerulol vayebel.
Show answer
z-Azozon | [d-dress | [w-MEMORY | g-red]] | v-see
z-Azozon | [d-dress | [w-LIVE | g-red]] | v-see
Both channels sit on the adjective only: the red is remembered in the first, seen live in the second.