Extra nouns and whose
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Extra noun: stacked vowels and loose -m
Beginner already used the one-vowel extra-noun hooks (in / for / at / from). Extra-noun is the hook word with /b/ right after it: recast the landmark as the hook job. Size pictures help the cells; they are not the parent. Hooks with two vowels name the rest of the everyday extras. The test is the same: /b/ comes right after the hook, and the word right before the hook (skipping any /w/) is not a recipient /b/ (so bazozon al balazun is including).
A hook + /b/ right after a landmark (the /b/ of another extra, or of a word such as a locative relation) describes that landmark, not the clause: the house near me.
zazozon vowurol al bohehal em buwen.z-Azozon | v-walk | [in | [b-house | [near | b-speaker]]]
"Azozon walks in the house near me."
Several extra-noun hooks on one clause are several extras. To keep the second one on the clause, put a non-/b/ word between the first landmark and the next hook. Extra-noun -n makes the hook and its landmark a name, as on same-role hooks; the landmark keeps its own ending.
With an extra-noun hook, -m makes a frame extra: the landmark is the general setting, not the exact contact, source, tool, or opponent. It is not a second copy of the same extra.
| -l | English | -m | English | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
al | in | am | amid | including a place; -m that volume as the setting |
ael | on | aem | over | including a face; -m that face as the setting |
el | at | em | near | instead a point; -m that point as the setting |
oel | toward | oem | in the direction of | at then for: aimed at one point; -m that aim as the setting |
ul | from | um | away from | except that landmark; -m that origin as the setting |
ual | out of | uam | out from among | except a volume; -m that volume as the setting |
uel | through | uem | by way of | except via one path; -m that path as the setting |
ol | for | om | used by (B's) | rather this aim; -m what was meant for B is now in B's use |
aol | using | aom | by | rather the means; -m the channel |
uol | against | uom | contrary to | instead none of the landmark as opponent; -m the opposing frame |
zazozon vehohel ael behohel.z-Azozon | v-sit | [on | b-chair]
"Azozon sits on a chair."
zazozon danal aol bebewol varuyol.z-Azozon | d-book | [using | b-pen] | v-write
"Azozon writes a book with a pen."
Compare with: hook oel names where a path ends (toward X).
zazozon uol bagayul vuvuvul.z-Azozon | [against | b-guard] | v-fight
"Azozon fights against a guard."
zazozon vavobol aom bedavol.z-Azozon | v-go | [by | b-train]
"Azozon goes by train."
zazozon vowurol uom berulal.z-Azozon | v-walk | [contrary-to | b-rain]
"Azozon walks despite the rain."
Compare with: some English prepositions use other forms. So that Alazun sits is hovam blarl.
Whose (om)
English Azozon's dog often means the dog is in Azozon's use: Azozon keeps it, walks it, feeds it. Put om right after the noun, then the user in /b/. om says B uses the thing or has access to it. It does not say who owns it. (cue: ol is for B, a get meant to reach B; om says it already reached B and is in B's use)
zodozel om bazozon veruvol.[z-dog | [used-by | b-Azozon]] | v-run
"Azozon's dog runs." (the dog Azozon keeps)
zazozon dohehal om balazun vayebel.z-Azozon | [d-house | [used-by | b-Alazun]] | v-see
"Azozon sees Alazun's house." (the house Alazun lives in)
For my and your, put the speaker or listener in /b/: om buwen is my, om bawan is your.
zodozel om buwen vezuvel.[z-dog | [used-by | b-speaker]] | v-sleep
"My dog sleeps."
To describe the thing, put its /ɡ/ word between the noun and om. The adjective stays on the noun, and om still attaches to the noun. A /ɡ/ word after the /b/ describes B instead.
zodozel gelazem om buwen vezuvel.[z-dog | g-big | [used-by | b-speaker]] | v-sleep
"My big dog sleeps."
With no verb, the same order is a sentence. A noun marked with om is one the listener can pick out, so the /ɡ/ word is a property, not there is ….
zodozel gelazem om buwen.[z-dog | g-big | [used-by | b-speaker]]
"My dog is big."
Compare with: zodozel gelazem. is There is a big dog (existence): a new noun with no om introduces the thing. zodozel om buwen gelazem puts big on the speaker, not the dog. zodozel om buwen. alone says your dog is here (there's my dog).
Things B uses include places B lives or sits, tools and rides B uses, ideas B works with, and B's turn, time, or occasion: Azozon's birthday is the day that is Azozon's to have.
zuburol om bazozon.[z-birthday | [used-by | b-Azozon]]
"It's Azozon's birthday."
Other kinds of 's each have their own word:
| English 's | Use |
|---|---|
| legal ownership (the dog Azozon owns) | gegunum + /b/ |
| something B made (the book Azozon wrote) | a role compound |
om always needs a noun on its left: it belongs to the nearest noun before it (after that noun's /ɡ/ words). After a verb or at the start of a sentence there is no thing for B to use, so om + /b/ is not a sentence there. For someone's act (Azozon's walk), say the act as its own sentence, then point back to it.
om never takes a person on the left: a person is not something someone uses. gegunum never does either, because no one owns a person. om never names a feeling or trait either: a feeling or trait stays something B has, not something B uses. A trait is a /ɡ/ word on B.
Compare with: for Azozon is ol. A sake on /ɡ/ also marks the noun as yours, together with how it serves you.
Practice
Short drills for Beginner. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a camera shop
New words:
| English | Ageben | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| camera | ugewel | 📷 |
| pencil | obewol | ✏️ |
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| Ahelan | ahelan |
| page | obonol |
| big | gelazem |
| write | varuyol |
| run | veruvol |
| see | vayebel |
English → Ageben
1. Azozon writes on the page.
Show answer
zazozon varuyol ael bobonol.
z-Azozon | v-write | [on | b-page]
2. Alazun writes a page using a pencil.
Show answer
zalazun dobonol aol bobewol varuyol.
z-Alazun | d-page | [using | b-pencil] | v-write
3. There's Azozon's camera.
Show answer
zugewel om bazozon.
[z-camera | [used-by | b-Azozon]]
Ageben → English
1. zahelan dugewel om balazun vayebel.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | [d-camera | [used-by | b-Alazun]] | v-see
Ahelan sees Alazun's camera.
2. zazozon varuyol aol bobewol.
Show answer
z-Azozon | v-write | [using | b-pencil]
Azozon writes using a pencil.
3. zahelan veruvol oel bugewel.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | v-run | [toward | b-camera]
Ahelan runs toward the camera.
Pick one
1. Alazun runs toward the pencil. zalazun veruvol oel bobewol. or zalazun veruvol ul bobewol.
Show answer
zalazun veruvol oel bobewol.
z-Alazun | v-run | [toward | b-pencil]
oel names where the path ends; ul is from the pencil.
Fix it
1. Azozon's camera is big. zugewel em bazozon gelazem.
Show answer
zugewel gelazem om bazozon.
[z-camera | g-big | [used-by | b-Azozon]]
Put the camera's /ɡ/ word before om; after the /b/ it describes Azozon.