Appearance
Restrictors (/h/ / /w/)
Same vowel-and-ending shapes as joins, used under /h/ or /w/ to say when the host applies: only when…, never, always, sometime.
On this page
Beginner
When the host applies
A restrictor sits in the adverb slot (/h/) or on the previous adjective (/w/). It names occasions: the times or cases in which the clause (or that property) counts.
`zazawan vawalal hanunul hal.`
gloss: `z-grace@` · `v-walk` · `h-rain` · `h-only-when`
*Azawan walks only when raining.*Bare hal with no occasion listed is never:
`zazawan vawalal hal.`
gloss: `z-grace@` · `v-walk` · `h-never`
*Azawan never walks.*The vowels are the join series you already know (a inventory, u undo, o one-choice), read as a restrictor for the host. Ending -l closes the frame; -m leaves it open.
Two manner adverbs in a row still mean they apply together. That is ordinary stacking, not a restrictor:
`zazawan vawalal hadazam howom.`
gloss: `z-grace@` · `v-walk` · `h-haste` · `h-quietude`
*Azawan walks quickly and quietly.*| Prefix | What it limits | Place |
|---|---|---|
/h/ | the clause (the verb claim) | floats like any adverb; after a verb join it can sit in the shared stretch |
/w/ | the previous adjective | sits on that adjective |
Bare forms
| Form | Reading | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|
hal / ham | never / never, as far as you can tell | a inventory empty + -l closed / -m open |
hual / huam | always / always, as far as you can tell | ua everything-but-empty + -l / -m |
har | sometime | -r unspecified member |
hor | anytime | o one-choice, unspecified |
hur | sometime else | u other-than, unspecified |
/w/ uses the same vowels on the adjective: wal never (for that property), wual always (for that property).
`guzumum wal.`
gloss: `g-happy` · `w-never`
*Never happy* (that property never holds).`zuhubun vuzunul hual.`
gloss: `z-beauty@` · `v-sing` · `h-always`
*Uhubun always sings.*Listed occasions
Put occasion words before the restrictor, then close on the right, same fence as other phrase lists. Shared extra detail sits immediately after the restrictor: coordination.md. Each listed piece is a simple /h/ or /w/ content word (or a complex unit the lexicon allows), with the same role letter on every piece and on the restrictor.
| Form | With occasion(s) | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|
hal / ham | only when… (closed) / when…, among other occasions (open) | a inventory of times |
hual / huam | always except when… | ua always, minus these times |
`hanunul hunugul ham.`
gloss: `h-rain` · `h-night` · `h-when.open`
*When raining and at night, among other possible cases.*Asking when? with these forms (bare har, and the rest of the -r set): questions.md.
Translation practice
Short drills on this Beginner band. Try each item before opening Show answer. Restrictors mark when the host applies. Bare hal / hual are never / always; with a listed occasion they are only when… / always except when….
Roots used here: azawa grace (name Azawan) · ululo courage (name Ululon) · uhubu beauty (name Uhubun) · awala walk · urunu run · uzunu sing · elebe sleep · uzumu smile → happy (-m) · anunu rain · unugu night · adaza dash → haste (-m) · owo owl → quietude (-m)
English → Agalan
1. Azawan walks only when raining.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal hanunul hal.
2. Ululon never walks.
Show answer
zululon vawalal hal.
3. Uhubun always sings.
Show answer
zuhubun vuzunul hual.
4. Azawan is never happy.
Show answer
zazawan guzumum wal.
5. Ululon runs sometime.
Show answer
zululon vurunul har.
6. Azawan sleeps when raining and at night, among other times.
Show answer
zazawan velebel hanunul hunugul ham.
7. Uhubun walks anytime.
Show answer
zuhubun vawalal hor.
8. Azawan always walks except when raining.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal hanunul hual.
Agalan → English
1. zazawan vawalal hanunul hal.
Show answer
Azawan walks only when raining.
2. zululon vawalal hal.
Show answer
Ululon never walks.
3. zuhubun vuzunul hual.
Show answer
Uhubun always sings.
4. zazawan guzumum wual.
Show answer
Azawan is always happy.
5. zululon vawalal hor.
Show answer
Ululon walks anytime.
6. zuhubun vawalal hur.
Show answer
Uhubun walks sometime else.
7. zazawan vawalal hadazam howom.
Show answer
Azawan walks quickly and quietly.
8. zazawan velebel hanunul hunugul ham.
Show answer
Azawan sleeps when raining and at night, among other times.
Intermediate
More occasions
The same vowels as joins now name more kinds of occasion. /w/ matches /h/ on the adjective (wal / wam / wual / wuam / war / wor / wur, and the rows below).
`zazawan vawalal hanunul hunugul hol.`
gloss: `z-grace@` · `v-walk` · `h-rain` · `h-night` · `h-either-when`
*Azawan walks either when raining or at night (not both).*`zululon velebel hanunul hozowol haol.`
gloss: `z-courage@` · `v-sleep` · `h-rain` · `h-snow` · `h-when-or`
*Ululon sleeps when raining and/or when snowing.*One restrictor chain fills one floating /h/ unit, or one /w/ stack slot on its host.
Set / invert / inclusive
| Form | With occasion(s) | Bare | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|---|
hal / ham | only when… (closed) / when…, among other occasions (open) | never / never that you can think of | a inventory |
hol / hom | either when A or when B (not both); hom also allows or never | o one-choice | |
haol / haom | when A and/or when B (any of these occasions suffices) | ao add + choice | |
hul / hum | not when… / not when…, for one | u undo | |
hual / huam | always except when… | always / always, as far as you can tell | ua undo + add |
huol / huom | anytime except when… | uo undo + choice |
Ranked (with listed occasions)
Closed hel ranks when it matters. hal still means only when these times, with no priority among them.
| Form | Reading | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|
hel / hem | preferably when A ≻ when B… (closed / open priority of occasions) | e order |
hael / haem | as often as / equally when A and when B | ae add in order |
hoel / hoem | if A, else if B… (fallback occasions) | oe choice in order |
Unspecified-member (-r)
Statement readings below. Under question: questions.md.
| Form | With occasion(s) | Bare | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|---|
har | sometime among these | sometime | -r some member |
hor | anytime among these | anytime | o + -r |
hur | sometime other than these | sometime else | u + -r |
hael | as often as among these / equally when these | equally often / tied frequency frame | ae even with -l |
More examples
hanunul hunugul hol→ either when raining or at night (not both);… hom→ … or neverhanunul hozowol haol→ when raining and/or when snowinghanunul hul→ not when raining;hanunul hunugul hum→ not when raining or at night, for onehanunul hual→ always except when raininghanunul huol→ anytime except when raininghamubum hozorem hel→ preferably in emergency ≻ for conveniencehanunul hozowol hael→ as often when raining as when snowinghael→ equally often / tied frequency frame (bare)herebal hewenem hoel→ if (when) repair, else if workaround…hanunul hozowol har→ sometime among rain or snow- Complex occasion:
hohohum hal→ only at home /w/core:guzumum wanunul wal→ happy only when raining;war→ sometime; two adjective details in a row:guzumum wadazam wowom→ hastily and quietly
Occasions vs a dependent when
Each listed occasion is a simple /h/ or /w/ content word, or a complex unit (/h/ plus /b/, or contiguous /w/ material the lexicon allows).
When / if as a dependent sentence stays ordinary complex /h/ plus /b/ adoro (core.md). Restrictor fences list phrase occasions.
Translation practice
Short drills on this Intermediate band. Try each item before opening Show answer. Use exclusive / inclusive / not when / ranked occasions / unspecified-member with listed occasions. Next-clause when / if stays /h/ plus /b/ adoro.
Roots used here: azawa grace (name Azawan) · ululo courage (name Ululon) · uhubu beauty (name Uhubun) · awala walk · urunu run · uzunu sing · elebe sleep · uwuru write · anunu rain · ozowo snow · unugu night · ohohu house → home (-m) · amubu ambulance → emergency (-m) · ozore convenience-store → convenience (-m) · ereba repair · ewene wrench → workaround (-m) · adoro next clause
English → Agalan
1. Azawan walks either when raining or at night, not both.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal hanunul hunugul hol.
2. Ululon sleeps when raining and/or when snowing.
Show answer
zululon velebel hanunul hozowol haol.
3. Uhubun does not walk when raining.
Show answer
zuhubun vawalal hanunul hul.
4. Azawan walks anytime except when raining.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal hanunul huol.
5. Azawan walks preferably in an emergency rather than for convenience.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal hamubum hozorem hel.
6. Ululon runs as often when raining as when snowing.
Show answer
zululon vurunul hanunul hozowol hael.
7. Azawan writes if a fix, else if a workaround.
Show answer
zazawan vuwurul herebal hewenem hoel.
8. Uhubun sings if Azawan walks.
Show answer
zuhubun vuzunul hadorom zazawan vawalal badorol.
Agalan → English
1. zazawan vawalal hanunul hunugul hol.
Show answer
Azawan walks either when raining or at night, not both.
2. zululon velebel hanunul hunugul hom.
Show answer
Ululon sleeps either when raining or at night, or never.
3. zuhubun vawalal hanunul hul.
Show answer
Uhubun does not walk when raining.
4. zazawan vawalal hanunul huol.
Show answer
Azawan walks anytime except when raining.
5. zazawan velebel hohohum hal.
Show answer
Azawan sleeps only at home.
6. zululon vawalal hanunul hozowol har.
Show answer
Ululon walks sometime among rain or snow.
7. zazawan vawalal hael.
Show answer
Azawan walks equally often.
8. zuhubun vuzunul hadorom zazawan vawalal badorol.
Show answer
Uhubun sings if Azawan walks.
See also
- Phrase lists (right-close fence): coordination.md
- When? under question: questions.md