Hooked joins
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Hooked joins (hook + x + join)
English bounds everyone, someone, and nothing with a preposition: everyone at the house, something for me, everyone against me. A free hook after a join does a different job: it is an extra of the whole clause, so zual vezuvel el bohehal. says where the sleeping happens, not who counts (universals and domains). To bound the join's own set, write the role letter, then the vowels of an extra-noun hook, then x, then the join, and put the hook's landmark right after the word as a bl- word. The join keeps its meaning and its ending, and the hook now says which members count: the ones that stand in that relation to the landmark. So who counts and where it happens get different spellings, and one clause can say both. (cue: the hook comes first, as in a hook prefix)
zexual blohehal vezuvel.[z-at-x-everything | bl-house] | v-sleep
"Everyone at the house sleeps."
zual vezuvel el bohehal.z-everything | v-sleep | [at | b-house]
"Everyone sleeps at the house."
zaxual bluzahal vezuvel el bohehal.[z-in-x-everything | bl-school] | v-sleep | [at | b-house]
"Everyone in the school sleeps at the house."
| Piece | What it says | In zexual |
|---|---|---|
| role letter | the slot, as on any join: /z/, /d/, /b/, or /h/ | z |
| hook vowels | an extra-noun hook, with its -l left unwritten | o at |
m or r | the hook's -m frame, or its -r point back | none |
x | the seam, as in a hook prefix | x |
| join vowels + ending | any standalone join, read as usual | ual everyone |
The landmark takes bl- because it completes the word before it, as after an /h/ word. Any word that can be a bl- word works: a name (blazozon), a content word (blohehal), a special pronoun (bluwen), a resume (blohehar), or a standalone join. A SHARED /ɡ/ comes after the landmark: zexual blohehal gogozel is every cat at the house.
This lets a sweeping claim show how far it reaches. Everyone's against me names its bound (zuoxual bluwen), and the join ending says whether exceptions are ruled out: closed zuoxual is every one of them, open zuoxuam is as far as I know. A listener can then check the bound, or ask for the exception.
In speech x starts the join's syllable (zo-xu-al). With m or r, that letter closes the hook's syllable (zom-xu-al, zor-xu-al). The first-syllable stress keeps a hooked join apart from a join followed by a hook: zarxar (someone in there) is one word with one stressed beat, and in zarx ar (some people, in there) ar takes a fresh beat.
Which hook
Every hook in the extra-noun grid works, with the reading it has there. The relation holds between each member and the landmark. -l (no letter before the seam) is the exact relation, and m before the seam is the frame, as on a free hook.
| Hook | -l | Example | -m | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
a | in | daxar blohehal something in the house | amid | zamxar bluzahal someone amid the school |
ao | on | daexar bledohel something on the table | over | daemxar bledohel something over the table |
o | at | zexual blohehal everyone at the house | near | zemxual bluwen everyone here |
oe | toward | zoexarx bluzahal some people heading to the school | in the direction of | zoemxarx bluzahal some people headed the school's way |
u | from | duxar blohehal something that came from the house | away from | zumxual bluwen everyone away from me |
ua | out of | duaxar blohehal something out of the house | out from among | zuamxar blegayal someone picked out of the group |
uo | through | zuexar blohehal someone passing through the house | by way of | duemxar blohol something that came by way of the bridge |
e | for | doxar bluwen something for me | used by | domxar bluwen something I use |
ae | using | zaoxual blanewul everyone with a knife | by | zaomxual bledavol everyone going by train |
ue | against | zuoxual bluwen everyone against me | contrary to | zuomxual blonam everyone acting contrary to the policy |
An abstract landmark reads the same way: zaxual blabowum everyone in crisis, zuoxual blonam everyone against the policy. A person landmark gives here and there: zemxual bluwen everyone here, zemxual blawan everyone there by you, zumxual blayan everyone over there, and zexual bluwen everyone right where I am.
Compare with: belonging and origin are of-relations, not places. Everyone in the family (its members) is zual gobom bluvayal, and everyone from the town (where they are from) is zual gaham bluhuham. zaxual bluvayal is everyone inside the family's space, and zuxual bluhuham is everyone who came from the town, since u names where a path starts.
Endings and items
The join part keeps its readings, so every join ending works, under any hook ending. The hook's ending sits before the seam and the join's at the end of the word, so the two never meet.
| Join ending | Ageben | English | Under yel |
|---|---|---|---|
| -r | zexar blohehal | someone at the house | who at the house? |
| -r, other series | zexer blohehal / zexur blohehal / zexor blohehal | anyone at the house / someone else at the house / whoever ranks highest at the house | any? / who else? / which one most? |
| -r + -x | zexarx blohehal | some people at the house | who all at the house? |
| -l | zexal blohehal | nobody at the house | |
| -m | zexam blohehal | nobody at the house, as far as I know | |
-l on ua | zexual blohehal | everyone at the house, no exceptions | |
-m on ua | zexuam blohehal | everyone at the house, as far as I know |
The two endings are separate choices: zemxuam bluwen is everyone around here, as far as I know. A standalone join as the landmark names the widest bound out loud: zexual blual is everyone, anywhere, no exceptions, and zexuam blual is people anywhere, in general.
yel doxar bluwen.y-question | [d-for-x-wh | bl-speaker]
"What is there for me?"
With items before it, a closed or open join lists the whole set within the bound, as any join does:
zazozon zexal blohehal vowurol.[z-Azozon | z-at-x-and | bl-house] | v-walk
"Of everyone at the house, only Azozon walks."
On -r, the join stands for one of the items, and the hook says which: the one in that relation.
yel zodozel zogozel zexar blohehal.y-question | [z-dog | z-cat | z-at-x-wh | bl-house]
"Which of the dog and the cat is at the house?"
A hooked join sits where any join of its role letter sits. A plain /b/ one is the recipient (zazozon vezuyol bexar blohehal. Azozon tells someone at the house.), and one right after an extra-noun hook is that hook's landmark:
zodozel vezuvel al baexar bledohel.z-dog | v-sleep | [in | [b-on-x-something | bl-table]]
"The dog sleeps in something on the table."
Point back (hook -r)
To bound a join by a place already named (everyone there), write r before the seam and no bl- word. The hook then points back to the landmark already in play, the way er does on its own: zerxual is everyone there as er is there. The hooks that point back on their own take it here: zarxual everyone in there, zerxual everyone there, zurxual everyone from there, zorxual everyone it was for, zaorxual everyone on it, zaerxual everyone using it, zuerxual everyone passing through there.
zazozon vehohel el bohehal. zerxual vezuvel.z-Azozon | v-sit | [at | b-house] . z-there-x-everything | v-sleep
"Azozon sits at the house. Everyone there sleeps."
The landmark may be a free hook's /b/, any hosted bl- word, or an earlier hooked join's landmark; the latest one counts. A hooked join with r needs a landmark already in play, and every other hooked join needs its bl- word.
Bounding a time (/h/)
English never since … and always, until … bound how often something happens by a stretch of time. On /h/, a hooked join's join is a bare restrictor, spelled as after the h of hal never, ham, hual always, huam, har sometimes, her, hur, or hor, and a time landmark bounds which times it covers. The restrictor still says how often; the hook says over which stretch.
zawan vebal huxam blanulul.z-listener | v-hear | [h-from-x-never.open | bl-thunderstorm]
"You haven't listened since the thunderstorm, as far as I know."
| Hook | Times it bounds | Ageben | English |
|---|---|---|---|
a | within the landmark's span | haxual blanulul | always, during the thunderstorm |
o | at that moment | hexar blanulul | at some point at the thunderstorm |
u | from that point on (since) | huxal blanulul | never since the thunderstorm |
oe | up to that point | hoexual blanulul | always, until the thunderstorm |
em | around that moment (the frame of o) | hemxual blanulul | always, around the time of the thunderstorm |
zazozon vowurol hoexual blanulul.z-Azozon | v-walk | [h-toward-x-always | bl-thunderstorm]
"Azozon always walked, until the thunderstorm."
zazozon vozuyel hemxual blanulul.z-Azozon | v-sing | [h-near-x-always | bl-thunderstorm]
"Azozon always sings around the time of the thunderstorm."
A loose bound is often the honest one: you always get like this at the holidays usually means around them (hemxual), and the listener can check that.
Compare with: harum until places the event itself; hoexual bounds the always.
Point back to a time. With r before the seam, ar, er, and ur point back to the latest time landmark: the bl- word of a time pole (herom, habam, halam, harum, huvahum), the landmark of an earlier /h/ hooked join, or a blarl in either. A place landmark does not count.
zazozon vowurol halam blanulul. zawan vebal hurxal.z-Azozon | v-walk | [h-after | bl-thunderstorm] . z-listener | v-hear | h-since.then-x-never
"Azozon walked after the thunderstorm. You haven't listened since then."
Bounded by a clause
To name the stretch with a sentence (never, in all the time since we moved in), put the stand-in blarl after an /h/ hooked join, as ul barl takes one for since. The sentence after it is the time that bounds the restrictor. It runs to the period, so the hooked join comes last in the main clause.
zawan vebal huxal blarl zayan vavobol al bohehal.z-listener | v-hear | [h-from-x-never | bl-that-clause] | z-interlocutors | v-go | [in | b-house]
"You haven't listened since we moved into the house."
Compare with: a hook prefix also puts a hook before x, but the stem after the seam is its landmark: guoxuvuvul is anti-fighting. In a hooked join the join after the seam is the head, and the landmark is the bl- word: zuoxual bluwen is everyone against me. The shape after x tells them apart: a root, or only vowels and an ending. Use the prefix for a kind of member that can enter the dictionary (zual gexohehal everyone at-home), and the hooked join for one landmark (zexual blohehal everyone at that house), which may be a name, a special pronoun, a resume, a standalone join, or a clause, and may be pointed back to.
Practice
Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a lockgate
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| walk | vowurol |
| ship | ahaval |
| boat | onaval |
| guard | agayul |
| anchor | awul |
English → Ageben
1. Everyone on the ship walks.
Show answer
zaexual blahaval vowurol.
[z-on-x-everything | bl-ship] | v-walk
2. Everyone against the guard walks.
Show answer
zuoxual blagayul vowurol.
[z-against-x-everything | bl-guard] | v-walk
3. Everyone on the boat walks.
Show answer
zaexual blonaval vowurol.
[z-on-x-everything | bl-boat] | v-walk
Ageben → English
1. zuoxual blawul vowurol.
Show answer
[z-against-x-everything | bl-anchor] | v-walk
Everyone against the anchor walks.
2. zaexual blagayul vowurol.
Show answer
[z-on-x-everything | bl-guard] | v-walk
Everyone on the guard walks.
3. zexual blahaval vowurol.
Show answer
[z-at-x-everything | bl-ship] | v-walk
Everyone at the ship walks.
Pick one
1. Everyone at the ship walks. zexual blahaval vowurol. or zual vowurol el bahaval.
Show answer
zexual blahaval vowurol.
[z-at-x-everything | bl-ship] | v-walk
The hooked join bounds who counts; a free hook after the verb says where the walking happens.
Fix it
1. Everyone against the anchor walks. zual vowurol uel bawul.
Show answer
zuoxual blawul vowurol.
[z-against-x-everything | bl-anchor] | v-walk
A free hook after the verb says where the walking happens; bound who counts with the hooked join.