Viewpoint and landmark
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Scope across scenes (e, a, pairs)
The scope slot after w takes every label scope vowel, not just u and o. They are the same vowels other labels write after mid-word th; on a role word they come first, and nowhere else. A th scope after a role word's stem (zwuzuduyethel) is not a word.
| V1 | Reach | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
u | this episode: one act is enough | zwuzeduyol | someone who teaches |
o | practiced role | zwozeduyol | a teacher |
e | this pair: toward one party, named in a bl- word on /ɡ/ | gwezeduyol blalazun | is a teacher to Alazun |
a | a type across scenes | zwazeduyol | a teacher type |
| pairs | the scope stacks: ae, ao, oe, ua, ue, uo | gwuozeduyol, gwaezeduyol | not in that capacity, a teacher by circumstance |
zazozon gwezeduyol blalazun.z-Azozon | [g-pair-agent-teach | bl-Alazun]
"Azozon is Alazun's teacher."
On /z/, /d/, and /b/, pair scope e stands alone: the party is the one the clause already relates the person to. On /ɡ/ it takes its bl- party, as on any pair-scope label.
zazozon gwuozeduyol.z-Azozon | g-outside-role-agent-teach
"Azozon is not acting as a teacher here."
Scope works on role pointers too. zwuzer is the latest doer; zwozer is the latest doer, in their practiced role: after Azozon teaches, zwozer is Azozon as a teacher. With -m it gives a useful contrast: dwuzem is what they did (this time), and dwozem is their practice, their craft.
The role you act in (/h/)
English as a teacher, I … names the role the act is done in, not a person standing in the clause. Write the same role compound, with a slot part (z, d, or b), on /h/: a person cannot be an adverb, so the word is the capacity the act is done in.
zazozon vezuyol hwozeduyol.z-Azozon | v-tell | h-role-agent-teach
"Azozon speaks as a teacher."
The scope vowel does its usual work. Pair scope e takes its bl- party, as on /ɡ/.
| Ageben | English |
|---|---|
hwuzeduyol | as the one teaching this time |
hwozeduyol | as a teacher |
hwezeduyol blalazun | as Alazun's teacher |
hwuozeduyol | not as a teacher (off duty) |
hwodebebul | as a patient (the one a doctor treats) |
hwobezuyol | as a confidant |
Compare with: resemblance is the similative (hewem blwozeduyol like a teacher). An ordinary /h/ adverb is how the event goes (hadurom hastily).
Compare with: zazozon gwozeduyol. says Azozon is a teacher. zazozon vezuyol hwozeduyol. says the telling is done in that role.
Places, tools, and times
A role compound names a participant: the doer, what the event acts on or makes, or the extra /b/ party. A place, tool, or time is a landmark, brought in with an extra-noun hook (al bohehal in a house, aol banewul using a knife), and it has no role compound. Name it with words you already have:
| Job | Ageben | English |
|---|---|---|
| a kind of tool, place, or time | an ordinary compound with a head root: daruyoxuwal (write + tool), dezuvexodurol (sleep + time) | a writing tool, bedtime |
| the landmark a clause named | resume its noun: after aol banewul, danewur | that knife |
| that landmark as a place or means | the hook's own pointer: ar in there, er there, ur from there, aer with it | there, with it |
| a landmark nobody named | two sentences: a place exists, and the event happened there | wherever it happened |
| who pays, who it is for | the hook in a clause (uol against, ol for plus /b/), then a resume | the one it was stolen from |
zazozon vuguyol aol banewul. zahelan danewur vayebel.z-Azozon | v-cook | [using | b-knife] . z-Ahelan | d-←knife | v-see
"Azozon cooks with a knife. Ahelan sees the knife."
zazozon vuguyol aol banewul. zahelan vuguyol aer.z-Azozon | v-cook | [using | b-knife] . z-Ahelan | v-cook | on.it
"Azozon cooks with a knife. Ahelan cooks with it too."
Content of the event
English the way it was done, what it left them, what came of it, or that remark names a quality of an event, not a person in it. Write the same role-word shape, and put a part consonant for that quality after the scope vowel: the word is then a thing you can talk about, resume, or point to.
dwuhowurol vayebel.d-episode-manner-walk | v-see
"Someone sees a way of walking."
A slot part on the same stem is still a participant: dwuzowurol is someone who walks, as role compounds name a doer.
The stem is still the event. The part says which quality of it you mean. Pointers drop the stem and read the latest matching event, as role pointers do for people:
zazozon vowurol hadurom. zahelan dwuher vayebel.z-Azozon | v-walk | h-haste . z-Ahelan | d-←episode-manner.same | v-see
"Azozon walks in haste. Ahelan sees the way it was done."
If that clause named no manner word, dwuher is the event's own manner: how walking went, unnamed. A restrictor, a time pole, or a say word is already doing its own job on /h/, so the pointer skips it.
| Part | Names | Compound | Pointer |
|---|---|---|---|
h | how, when, or where it happened | dwuhowurol a way of walking | dwuher the way it was done |
g | the state it leaves its participant in | dwuguguyol how cooked it is | dwuger the state it left them in |
th | a reason, thought, or feeling about it | dwuthowurol a reason to walk | dwuther the reason for it |
w | how much or how intense it was | dwuwowurol the amount of walking | dwuwer how much it was |
y | the turn that said it (question, command, remark) | dwuyowurol a remark about walking | dwuyer that remark |
x | what followed from it | dwuxowurol what comes of walking | dwuxer what came of it |
v | the event itself | (no compound: the event noun is the stem, dowurol) | dwuver that event |
Scope a / e / o / u still say how far the label reaches: dwohowurol is someone's usual way of walking, dwahowurol a walking style.
A g pointer is the /d/ participant's state when the event has one, and the /z/ participant's otherwise. After Azozon punches Alazun, dwuger is Alazun's state; after Azozon runs, it is Azozon's. w always reads the event's own extent: a /w/ word grades the next adjective, never the event, so dwuwer is that much. dwugar and dwuwar are not words: no clause names a resulting state or an amount for the other to differ from.
A th pointer reads sake words, feeling roots, and causation poles on /th/. A channel, MAY, the notional, or a holder is the speaker's stance on the claim, not a stance on the event, so the pointer skips those too. With no such word, dwuther is still the reason for it: the gap the spelling fills.
A y pointer reaches turns, not events: dwuyer the latest turn, dwuyar the one before it, dwuyor this very turn, dwuyur whatever was said. With -m, dwuyem is what the saying did, apart from what it said.
If the next sentence after an event opened with a consequence linker (xahom therefore, xahol it follows that), an x pointer is that sentence's event:
zazozon vabuvul. xahom zalazun veyamul. zahelan dwuxer vayebel.z-Azozon | v-punch . x-therefore | z-Alazun | v-scream . z-Ahelan | d-←episode-outcome.same | v-see
"Azozon punches. Therefore Alazun screams. Ahelan sees what came of it."
Compare with: a landmark is a thing (the house, the knife), reached by resuming its noun or with a hook pointer (aer with it). An h part is a quality of the event (the haste): how is dwuher. g is the state the event leaves its participant in; x is what happens next because of it.
Viewpoint laterals (DIR × anchor)
English left / right / ahead / back can mean a compass heading (west) or a side of a viewpoint (Azozon’s left, the car’s left). For the viewpoint reading, write the same arrow root, then mid-word th, then the person or thing whose facing counts as north, then an ordinary word ending. You can then say walk left without meaning walk west.
A person’s front is the direction they face. For an object, use the front its design or current use makes forward; if that does not settle a front, make the frame clear from context.
The sake roots are never a direction: after one of them, th starts a sake word, even when a root-shaped piece follows (emotion compose).
yol vowurol hewuhothazozon.y-command | v-walk | h-west-th-Azozon
"Walk left." (Azozon’s left)
Bare arrow words are compass points on a north-up map:
yol vowurol hewuhol.y-command | v-walk | h-west
"Walk west."
Speaker and listener roots are the facing person when you mean my left / your left:
yol vowurol zawan hewuhothawan.y-command | v-walk | z-listener | h-west-th-listener
"You, walk left." (your left)
For their left, resume the person on -r after th: hewuhothazozor is on Azozon's left, said of someone already named.
zazozon vowurol. zalazun vehohel hewuhothazozor.z-Azozon | v-walk . z-Alazun | v-sit | h-west-th-←Azozon
"Azozon walks. Alazun sits on their left." (Azozon's left)
| Ageben | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
| PoS | slot as usual (/ɡ/ property, /h/ path / manner, /z/ /d/ /b/ side-region) | same slots as other content |
| DIR | an arrow-rose root | north / ahead, … |
th | joins DIR to the viewpoint | viewpoint after th (cue: th ≈ think, whose point of view) |
| ANCHOR | what sets the facing frame: special uwe / awa / aya, a person’s name, or a content -r of a person or oriented object | Azozon’s left, your left, the car’s left, their left |
| Ending | ordinary ending is written at the end of the whole compound; its reference is the viewpoint anchor, not the direction | viewpoint kind / hedge / name / resume |
Compare with: naming a doer from an event puts w, a scope vowel, and a part consonant before the stem (role compounds: zwuzuvuvul). Viewpoint laterals put a direction root left of th and a facing person on the right.
Arrow rose (compass vs face)
The examples above used west / left. The other seven arrow roots work the same way: alone, each is a compass heading; with th and a facing person, it is that direction from the person’s body.
| Ageben | Use | English | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
onuhol | compass heading, or ahead on a face | north / ahead | ⬆️ up-arrow: map north, or ahead if facing is north |
azuhol | compass heading, or back on a face | south / back | ⬇️ down-arrow: map south, or back if facing is north |
ahol | compass heading, or right on a face | east / right | ➡️ right-arrow: the sun’s path east, or right of facing |
ewuhol | compass heading, or left on a face | west / left | ⬅️ left-arrow: opposite east, or left of facing |
unuhol | compass heading, or forward-right on a face | northeast / forward-right | ↗️ northeast-arrow: between north and east |
anuhol | compass heading, or forward-left on a face | northwest / forward-left | ↖️ northwest-arrow: between north and west |
ozuhol | compass heading, or back-right on a face | southeast / back-right | ↘️ southeast-arrow: between south and east |
azohol | compass heading, or back-left on a face | southwest / back-left | ↙️ southwest-arrow: between south and west |
Indoor headings may follow a local map (building north). When you mean directions from a person’s body, name the viewpoint or use the listener (…thazawan, …thehon).
Gravity (abuho / oduho)
English up / down usually follows the pull of gravity, not anyone’s facing. Write abuho (skyward) or oduho (toward the pull) as ordinary content words, with no th + facing person. Everyone shares that frame.
yol vowurol habuhol.y-command | v-walk | h-up
"Walk up."
yabuhol.y-up
"Up!"
| Ageben | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
abuhol | skyward, shared gravity frame | up | ⏫: away from the pull | |
oduhol | toward the pull, shared gravity frame | down | ⏬: toward the pull | |
evuhol | the vertical axis | up–down axis | ↕️: the axis only |
Viewpoint vs landmark
English left of the tree, from Azozon’s view needs both a facing person and a landmark. Put the facing person after th; put the tree, door, or wall in /b/. The /b/ word is the landmark, not whose left it is.
zanal gewuhothazozon bledalol.z-book | [g-west-th-Azozon | bl-tree]
"The book is left of the tree, from Azozon’s view."
A bare compass word plus /b/ is the region on that side of the landmark (gewuhol bledalol west of the tree).
Gravity works the same way: bare oduho + /b/ is under the landmark, and bare abuho + /b/ is above / over it.
zodozel vezuvel hoduhol bledalol.z-dog | v-sleep | [h-down | bl-tree]
"The dog sleeps under the tree."
zebezel vehohel gabuhol blodozel.z-bird | v-sit | [g-up | bl-dog]
"A bird sits above the dog."
Compare with: locative at / on / inside name how the figure sits relative to the landmark (locative relations), not a compass heading.
| Ageben | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
| Bare DIR | compass / gravity | gewuhol west; gabuhol up |
DIR th ANCHOR | that point on ANCHOR’s facing rose | gewuhothawan listener-left |
DIR + th + e + /b/ | that point on the landmark’s own rose | gazuhothel blohehal behind the house |
complex /ɡ/ + /b/ | region on a side of a landmark | gewuhothazozon bledalol left of the tree, from Azozon’s view |
The landmark's own front (DIR + th + e)
English behind the house means the house's own back, not a compass heading and not the speaker's back. Write the arrow root, then th, then e in place of a facing person, then the ending. Put the landmark in a bl- word right after it. e is the same vowel as pair scope on a label: here, the one /b/ landmark is the one whose facing counts.
zodozel vehohel gazuhothel blohehal.z-dog | v-sit | [g-south-th-landmark | bl-house]
"The dog sits behind the house."
zazozon vowurol honuhothel blohel.z-Azozon | v-walk | [h-north-th-landmark | bl-door]
"Azozon walks in front of the door."
This is label scope the on a direction: the direction relative to that landmark. Arrow roots take no other scope vowel.
The landmark's front is where its design or current use faces (a house's front door, a car's windshield). A DIR + th + e word always takes a /b/ landmark.
| Ageben | English |
|---|---|
gazuhothel blohehal | behind the house (its own back) |
gonuhothel blohehal | in front of the house |
gewuhothel blohehal | on the house's left |
gewuhothazozon blohehal | left of the house, from Azozon's view |
gewuhol blohehal | west of the house |
Endings and resume
Write the ordinary word ending at the end of the whole compound. In a viewpoint lateral, the ending applies to the viewpoint anchor, not to DIR: -l / -m describe the anchor’s reference, -n names the anchor, and -r resumes it. A bare direction word still takes its ending on the direction itself.
| Ageben | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
| -l | indefinite / kind viewpoint anchor or unmarked path | left of a viewpoint |
| -m | soft / hedged viewpoint anchor | left of a hedged viewpoint |
| -n | named viewpoint anchor | that named viewpoint’s left |
| -r | resume the most recent matching viewpoint anchor in a DIR th ANCHOR compound, or the anchor alone when it is the latest match: ordinary pronoun rules | that viewpoint’s left |
| Ageben | English |
|---|---|
gewuhol | west (shared map) |
gewuhothazozon | Azozon’s left |
gewuhothawan | your left (listener facing) |
gewuhothuwen | my left (speaker facing) |
gewuhothayan | our left (shared facing) |
gabuhol / habuhol | gravity up |
Practice
Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a harbor
New words:
| English | Ageben | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| boat | onaval | 🚤 |
| island | alahel | 🏝️ |
| go | vavobol | 👣 from footprints |
| steal | varozum | 🦝 from raccoon |
| west | ewuhol | ⬅️: west on the map, left on a face |
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| Ahelan | ahelan |
| down | oduhol |
| construct | voguyol |
| swim | vazuvol |
| walk | vowurol |
| run | veruvol |
| sit | vehohel |
| see | vayebel |
English → Ageben
1. Alazun is a thief. (stealing is what Alazun regularly does)
Show answer
zalazun gwozarozum.
z-Alazun | g-role-agent-theft
2. Ahelan walks west. Azozon sees the way it was done.
Show answer
zahelan vowurol hewuhol. zazozon dwuher vayebel.
z-Ahelan | v-walk | h-west . z-Azozon | d-←episode-manner.same | v-see
3. Alazun goes toward the island. Azozon sees the island.
Show answer
zalazun vavobol oel balahel. zazozon dalaher vayebel.
z-Alazun | v-go | [toward | b-island] . z-Azozon | d-←island | v-see
4. Azozon goes from the island. Alazun swims from there.
Show answer
zazozon vavobol ul balahel. zalazun vazuvol ur.
z-Azozon | v-go | [from | b-island] . z-Alazun | v-swim | from.there
5. Ahelan, walk left. (Azozon's left)
Show answer
yol vowurol zahelan hewuhothazozon.
y-command | v-walk | z-Ahelan | h-west-th-Azozon
6. Azozon goes as a thief.
Show answer
zazozon vavobol hwozarozum.
z-Azozon | v-go | h-role-agent-theft
Ageben → English
1. yol vavobol zalazun hewuhol.
Show answer
y-command | v-go | z-Alazun | h-west
Alazun, go west.
2. zazozon vazuvol hoduhol blonaval.
Show answer
z-Azozon | v-swim | [h-down | bl-boat]
Azozon swims under the boat.
3. zahelan donaval voguyol. zalazun dwuder vayebel.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | d-boat | v-construct . z-Alazun | d-←episode-patient.same | v-see
Ahelan builds a boat. Alazun sees it.
4. zahelan dwuharozum vayebel.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | d-episode-manner-theft | v-see
Ahelan sees a way of stealing.
5. zazozon vavobol oel balahel. zalazun vazuvol er.
Show answer
z-Azozon | v-go | [toward | b-island] . z-Alazun | v-swim | there
Azozon goes toward the island. Alazun swims there.
6. zahelan veruvol. zazozon vehohel hewuhothahelar.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | v-run . z-Azozon | v-sit | h-west-th-←Ahelan
Ahelan runs. Azozon sits on Ahelan's left.
Pick one
1. Azozon sits on the boat's left. zazozon vehohel hewuhothel blonaval. or zazozon vehohel hewuhol blonaval.
Show answer
zazozon vehohel hewuhothel blonaval.
z-Azozon | v-sit | [h-west-th-landmark | bl-boat]
tho turns the arrow to the boat's own facing; bare hewuhol is west of the boat.
2. Ahelan sees a way of walking. zahelan dwuhowurol vayebel. or zahelan dwuzowurol vayebel.
Show answer
zahelan dwuhowurol vayebel.
z-Ahelan | d-episode-manner-walk | v-see
h names how walking goes; z would be someone who walks.
Fix it
1. Alazun goes left. (Alazun's own left) zalazun vavobol hewuhol.
Show answer
zalazun vavobol hewuhothalazur.
z-Alazun | v-go | h-west-th-←Alazun
A bare arrow word is the compass; for someone's left, add th and whose facing counts.