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Terminology
English names these grammar pages use. Each entry is a short gloss plus a link to the teaching section. The teaching page is the source of truth for how the form works.
This is not a dictionary of roots. For word senses, use the Lexicon.
On this page
Closed labels
SMALLCAPS tags and series names as the lessons print them.
Mood tags
Closed psychological /h/ (not ordinary adverb /h/).
| Label | Gloss | Teach |
|---|---|---|
| ABIL | Hostless can / can’t fallback egera | Ability |
| ACT | Emotion-compose arousal (HIGH / MED / LOW) | Special vocabulary |
| BECAUSE | Clause-pole urugu (because) | Causation |
| CAUSE | Mechanism-framing mood egega | Causation |
| CIRCUM | Emotion locus: charge on the situation | Special vocabulary |
| COMMENT | First-person commentary mood odoho | Commentary |
| COMMON | Universality: usual, exceptions expected | Special vocabulary |
| DECISION | Pick-firmness mood egege | Plan / decision |
| EXTERNAL | Emotion locus: charge at other people | Special vocabulary |
| FELT | Evidential: gut / body knowing | Commentary |
| FORMAL | Universality: definition / math / proof | Special vocabulary |
| HIGH / MED / LOW | Emotion ACT roots | Special vocabulary |
| IF | Clause-pole adoro (one-way if) | Causation |
| IFF | Clause-pole ezaze | Causation |
| INFERRED | Evidential: reasoned from clues | Commentary |
| INTERNAL | Emotion locus: charge held inside | Special vocabulary |
| LOCUS | Emotion-compose where the charge sits | Special vocabulary |
| NATURAL | Universality: natural necessity | Special vocabulary |
| NOTIONAL | As-if / pretense mood adade | Commentary |
| PATTERN | Evidential: from regularity | Commentary |
| PLAN | Intention-framing mood owora | Plan / decision |
| PREDICT | Forecast-framing mood elezo | Plan / decision |
| RECORDED | Evidential: documented / playback | Commentary |
| RULE | Universality: holds inside a named frame | Special vocabulary |
| SAME | Identity copula onunu | Predication |
| STORY | Evidential: narrative / lore | Commentary |
| TOLD | Evidential: hearsay | Commentary |
| UNCOUNTERED | Universality: no counterexample comes to mind | Special vocabulary |
| WITNESSED | Evidential: firsthand | Commentary |
Compare with: imaginary (free-number -e-) and quasi (ROOTx-e-) are not NOTIONAL.
Join-vowel names
English names for set / rank join vowels (coordination):
| Name | Vowel | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| additive | a | and (inventory) |
| choice | o | exclusive or |
| cochoice | ao | inclusive and/or |
| negation | u | not / none of / standalone no |
| counteradditive | ua | everything but |
| counterchoice | uo | anything but |
| rank | e | earlier outranks later |
| corank | ae | equal rank / tie |
| choicerank | oe | exclusive ranked menu |
| counterrank | ue | rank reversal |
Span TYPE / EDGE letters
From spans: TYPE a cite / e aside / o mention / u opaque; EDGE a multi / e clause-scoped / o atomic / u empty (exact empty …axul / resume …axur).
Number marker identities
From numbers: scalar (+ / -), ordinal / rank from the start (#), end-relative ordinal (#-), digit-string / label (_).
A–Z
Ability / incapability
Hosted can / can’t (xa / xe / xo / xu) and hostless ABIL.
Act word
The written /j/ word: jal / jol / jel / jul and soft -m.
Compare with: speech act is the setting (statement / question / command / prohibition). Polar stance particles are not act words.
Address set
Listener special plus -sh: the current addressees (no speaker).
Adjective extra (/w/)
Detail on the previous adjective, not the whole clause.
Compare with: a restrictor says when the host applies. Default /w/ on needs is values.
Adverb
Ordinary manner /h/.
Compare with: mood tags are closed psychological /h/ only.
Ambient magnitude
Casual claim that an omitted exponent inherits a discourse order of magnitude; Ne0 asserts OoM 0.
Antecedent
The word a -r form points back to.
Arity (list / single-item / standalone)
How many items sit before a join: list (2+), single-item (1), standalone (0).
As-for
Complex /h/ + /b/ (ahaza) as for X.
Compare with: values topic is a need with no x.
Aside
Span TYPE e (h(…)).
Associative
-sh = named anchor plus associates.
Atomic (span EDGE)
Span open that does not nest-push (EDGE o).
Bare OoM
Digitless exponent naming a magnitude band (g+e0, g+e3).
Binder
Inside a scope island: scope-taking /h/ and/or a join.
Body (utterance)
Clause content after the left-edge /j/ cluster.
Bound / endorse / invite
Prescription-force endings on value xo.
Changeability
Endings on unmet xu, DECISION, and ability can’t.
Citation / prefix-less citation
Root + ending with no role letter, outside a sentence.
Classification
Kind / role as predicative /ɡ/ (no to-be verb).
Compare with: identity uses SAME. Equative is as ADJ as, not kind-ascription.
Clause pole / NP pole
Condition vs outcome as NPs vs full sentences after adoro. Clause pole is the causation reading.
Clusivity
Who counts as we / you when names are unavailable.
Collective
-sh on /v/ (one shared act) vs on /ɡ/ (property of the group as a unit).
Command / request / prohibition
Speech act jel / jem / jul / jum.
Comparative / superlative / equative
Rank join + SHARED scale; single-item = superlative; ae = equative.
Complex adjective / complex adverb
/ɡ/ or /h/ plus immediately following /b/.
Confirming a negative
Polar patterns that confirm a denied body.
Contact / contact channel
Met-value xa endings (physical / mental / spiritual).
Continue (/x/)
Same-speech-act forward motion.
Compare with: a sentence linker is the therefore / however subclass of continue.
Conventional (number -n)
Number ending -n.
Compare with: content -n is named. Phrase join -n is a named list. Clause join -n is a sequence.
Cross-role recast
Resume with a different PoS letter than the antecedent.
Dependent clause / adoro
Full sentence after adoro (last in the host slot).
Digitless
Number word with marker and ending but no digit groups.
Digitless exponent
Advanced free-number specials (+e, -e-, +0e, …). Imaginary is free -e-.
Compare with: quasi is derivation ROOTx-e-. NOTIONAL is the as-if mood, not a number.
Distributive
Set a + singular SHARED = both/each are ADJ.
Domain / generic / every K
SHARED kind plus invert / standalone joins.
Compare with: universality is the exceptionlessness mood.
Empty-allowed
Plain o + -m: or none.
Ending / reference suffix
Final -l / -m / -n / -r (plus optional -sh). Reference suffix names the content-word table.
Epistemic because
Reason for the take (COMMENT), not world BECAUSE.
Equative
ae SHARED scale = as ADJ as.
Evidentiality
Closed /h/ how-you-know roots.
Extra noun (/b/)
Noun bolted onto a complex /ɡ/ or /h/.
Factivity
Whether IF vs BECAUSE treats the dependent as asserted.
Fill-ask / fill-all
Under question, join -r is a blank; several -r = fill all.
Firm / soft
Speech-act ending -l vs -m.
Forecast source
Evidentiality stacked on PREDICT.
Full-root resume / short resume
Whole root + -r vs prefix through the second vowel.
Hold
COMMENT / NOTIONAL tightness endings.
Host
Content root an x-stance or numeric derivation attaches to.
Ability, values, numeric derivation
Compare with: a measure unit is not a host. Classification names the classified noun, not a host.
Identity
Closed SAME + /b/.
Invert
Join stacks ua / uo / ue.
Join / conjunct
Right-close list closer; conjunct = listed item.
Join-act verb / join-relation
Content /v/ or /ɡ/ /h/ + join vowel + -n.
Judgment benchmark
Advanced worse than… bars.
Left-bound adjective
/ɡ/ with second letter l: adjective before the next noun.
Left edge
Vocative → polar stance → act word, then body.
Literal / metaphorical / named / resume
Content endings -l / -m / -n / -r.
Loan / opaque span
PoS<…>ENDING vs opaque fence with no ending after >.
Map resolution
PLAN endings: sketch / itinerary / fork.
Measure phrase / unit
Amount + lexicon unit noun; titled ROOTx+1.
Met / unmet / motive / prescription / topic (values)
Value stances xa / xu / xe / xo / topic (no x).
Compare with: as-for is ahaza, not a value stance.
Named handle
Short -n label for a long title.
Named list
Phrase join -n.
Need inventory
Six closed psychological needs under /h/ /w/.
Number as verb / adverb / interjection / discourse
Number word under /v/ /h/ /j/ /x/.
Numbered alternatives
Number problem / solution / goal candidates with free ordinals.
Numeric derivation / quasi
ROOT x NUM; quasi = ROOTx-e-.
Occasion
Listed pieces before a restrictor (when the host applies).
Offer (question)
Single-item -m under question (How about X?).
Ordinary compound / lexical compound
KIND × FIELD with mid-word x; closed stem with join letter and no x.
Overlay / sense-form
Special reading of a published root under a PoS.
Compare with: a number under /v/ /h/ /j/ /x/ is number as verb / adverb / interjection / discourse, not an overlay. Metaphorical -m stays metaphorical.
Polar stance
Closed /j/ particles jael / juel / ….
Preference standing
Motive xe endings.
Prominence
Word-order highlighting (not join arity).
Quasi
Derivation ROOTx-e- (and quasi-N).
Range / clock/date range
Numeric from–to; clock/date from–to.
Rank join / set join / SHARED
Material after the join closer; SHARED scale vs SHARED continuum.
Restrictor
Join-shaped /h/ /w/ when the host applies.
Resume
Content / span / number -r pointing back.
Compare with: join / restrictor -r is an unspecified member.
Reviser
Prefix-less including / rather / instead / except (in-clause vs discourse by placement).
Role compound / agent / patient / reltum
a/u/o x ROOT.
Role letter
Word-initial job letter.
Scope island
^ … ^ with binder inside.
Sentence linker
/x/ therefore / however / meanwhile.
Sequence
Clause join -n (xan and then).
SHARED scale / SHARED continuum
After-join /ɡ/: comparatives vs ranges.
Span / span open
Typed cite / aside / mention / opaque fences; spoken opening word.
Compare with: numeric from–to is a range, not a span.
Special pronoun
ugobo / edone / aha / enenu / adoro.
Speech act
Utterance setting: statement / question / command / prohibition.
Compare with: values prescription force is bound / endorse / invite, not speech act. Polar stance is a left-edge particle.
Sufficient / necessary / unique path
Necessary, sufficient, and unique-path readings.
Threshold
Single-item rank with a number = bound on a line.
Turn (/j/)
New speech move.
Under question
Join readings when the speech act is question.
Unspecified member
Join / restrictor -r (something / sometime); fill-ask under question.
Universality
Mood how-exceptionless (COMMON … RULE).
Values
Need + optional stance on /h/ /w/.
Viewpoint laterals
DIR × ANCHOR; whose facing is north.
Vocative
Left-edge /j/ addressing.
Vowel series
a add / o one / e order / u undo; the prefix picks the table.
Weak-pause left cue
Prefer an audible left /j/ rather than implied jal.
Yes/no
Question type with no join -r.
Compare with: polar stance is jael / juel / …, not the yes/no question type.