Consonants cheat sheet

How consonants are reused. Sounds, names, and digit syllables are on Sounds and spelling. Nothing here is new: each row links to the section that teaches it. Stage: B Beginner, I Intermediate, A Advanced.

Role letters

From the role letters table. /y/ and /x/ start a turn or keep one going.

Letter	Job	Stage
/z/	subject: who acts	B
/d/	direct object: who is acted on	B
/b/	extra noun: recipient, or the piece after a relation word	B
/v/	verb: the action	B
/ɡ/	adjective: a property of the noun	B
/w/	extra detail on the next /ɡ/, /h/, or /th/ word	B
/h/	adverb: how, when, where	B
/th/	stance: how sure, how known, why, as if	B
/y/	turn: call, reaction, or speech act	B
/x/	continue: glue this sentence to the last one	B

The same letters name a part in an earlier event on role pointers and role compounds: z the doer, d the one it happens to, b the extra party.

Endings

A content word's last letter is -l, -m, -n, or -r. Optional -x after that marks associates or a group. The letter order l m r n has five sibling scales: content, exactness, completeness, reference, settled-to-passing. Each series reuses one scale’s cell logic, the mapping of those letters. A hang cue says why. Unused cells are an em dash. A mixed host writes one ending letter and reads it by cell: a number is exactness on -l / -m, content on -n, reference on -r.

Shown on one root, azozo. From word endings and resume. Content is -l / -m / -n; -r is reference.

Ending	Means	Example	English	Stage
-l	first mention, everyday kind	azozol	swan	B
-m	first mention, published abstract	azozom	grace	B
-n	a name	azozon	Azozon	B
-r	the same one again	zazozor	Azozon (again)	B
-x after any of these	associates, or a group	zazozonx	Azozon and associates	B

Scales and series

From word endings, number endings, spans, joins, hooks, role pointers, tags, and settled-to-passing.

Scale	Hang cue	-l	-m	-r	-n
Content	which lexicon reading	concrete	published abstract	—	a name
Exactness	how tightly you mean the stated form	exact	approximate	—	—
Completeness	how fully the slot is specified	locked: only these	open: maybe more	a member you have not named	the package as a name
Reference	which referent relative to what is already in play	a new one	their part	the same one	—
Settled-to-passing	how lasting the hold is	lasting	default	passing	—

Reference -l and -m are only on role pointers and tags. Tag -n is reference -r plus a claim that the referent is a name.

How the series hang

l m r n
├── content — which lexicon reading
│     ├── citation / content word (concrete / abstract / name)
│     ├── resume-sense -rl / -rm (pin which sense of a stem)
│     ├── role compound -l / -m / -n (anyone in that part, by sense)
│     ├── sentence linker default -m (the linker root's abstract)
│     ├── special pronoun -n · vocative name · greeting / conversation-length bid
│     └── root-tail kinds (memory: l concrete, m abstract, n name)
├── exactness — how tightly you mean the stated form
│     ├── number -l / -m (exact / about)
│     ├── span none / ~ (verbatim / gist)
│     ├── stand-in -rl / -rm (the whole next sentence / the gist)
│     ├── SAME (is / basically)
│     ├── exactly-like vs like
│     ├── each-other (strictly pairwise / everyday both-ways)
│     └── place hook contact vs frame (in / amid, at / near, for / used by)
├── completeness — how fully the slot is specified
│     ├── join closed / open / unnamed / named list
│     ├── restrictor / more occasions / universals (are join)
│     ├── stance join (is join, on /th/)
│     ├── same-role / discourse hook closed / open / titled phrase
│     ├── ranges (-m soft ends; -n names the range; -r a member)
│     ├── fill-ask (is join -r in a question)
│     ├── digitless number -r (grar some number / which number?)
│     ├── fault (broke a rule / plain cause / a share among others)
│     ├── say-word (a rule / a person said so / nobody said)
│     ├── clause-join -n (sequence)
│     └── join-act / join-relation -n (the list-move as a verb or relation)

l m r n
├── reference — which referent relative to what is already in play
│     ├── role pointer          -l a new person · -m the part · -r the same person
│     ├── tag                   -l assign / someone A · -m what A did · -r recall · -n recall of a name
│     └── -r only
│           ├── whole-stem resume
│           ├── hook resume (there / as I said)
│           ├── role compound (the person teaching, this instance)
│           ├── number with digits (grager those three)
│           ├── span =
│           └── topic return (xazozor)
└── settled-to-passing — how lasting the hold is; no -n
      ├── sake time horizon · unmet changeability · motive (are the scale)
      ├── prescription warrant (invited / offered / worth a try)
      ├── feeling motion (still / flowing / surging)
      ├── MAY hold · NOTIONAL hold · MIRATIVE
      ├── PLAN · WANT · DECISION · TRY
      ├── already / still / not yet / no longer
      ├── speech act / polar
      ├── sentence-linker firm -l
      └── evidence strength (show / describe / gesture)

-ln (one of a name) writes content -n and reads as reference -l.

Relation	Pair	Stage
is the same job	tag -m is pointer share (zwuzem by role, zwam by who)	B / I
is	hook closed / open is join closed / open	B
is	fill-ask is join -r under a question; digitless grar is join -r	B / I
is	polar is the act ending	B / I
is	decision is unmet changeability	I
same spelling, not the same scale	extra-noun -m (amid) is exactness; same-role -m (and maybe more) is completeness	B
same spelling, not the same scale	stand-in -rm is exactness (gist); resume-sense -rm is content (the abstract)	I

Other jobs

Same letter, different letter job by placement: where the letter sits picks the job.

Letter	Where	Job	Stage
l after /ɡ/	gl-	adjective before the noun	B
l after /b/	bl-	completes the host right before it	B
w	after the role letter	closed word: pointer, tag, role compound, say word	B–I
th mid-word	after the root	stance seam: scope, sakes, viewpoint	I
x mid-word	between roots	two roots, one word	B
/x/ first		continue / sentence glue	B
-x last	after the ending	associates or a group	B
r after a role letter	gragel	starts a number word	I

th is one letter. Digit letters also start digit syllables.

Root-tail kinds

A root's last consonant hints at the kind of thing. From root tails. Memory aid only: grammar does not read it. Each kind echoes a letter job: it points at a job that letter already has.

Letter	Kind	Example	Echo	Stage
z	creatures	ogoze cat	/z/ who acts	A
y	people	eboyo baby	/y/ + name calls someone	A
m	mind and feeling	evemu fear	-m abstract	A
b	body and what goes on it	aheba hand	/b/ the extra piece	A
v	doing, playing, moving	eruvo run	/v/ the action	A
h	places and fixtures	oheha house	/h/ where	A
l	nature and raw stuff	edalo tree	-l concrete	A
d	food, drink, kitchen	alede apple	/d/ what is done to	A
w	tools	anewu knife	/w/ with	A
g	signs and marks	ewugu warning	/ɡ/ a mark on something	A
r	counting, time, money	ugoro clock	r after a role letter starts a number	A
n	titles, paper, named sports	unona newspaper, ezuna soccer	-n the name ending	A

-n that is not a name

On a content word, -n marks a name (word endings). These closed families also end in -n without naming anything:

Words	What -n does there	Example	Stage
special pronouns, the generic pronoun, and the topic pronoun	the usual ending on these person words	zuwen I, zeyen one, zalen the topic	B
stand-ins	-rn (single vowel) or -n (stacked vowel) names a kind of sentence content (statement, question, command, prohibition); on /v/, the matching response verb	darn a statement, varn state	A
join words with a /v/, /x/, /ɡ/, or /h/ first letter	join content: a join-act verb, clause sequence, or a join-relation	van include, xan and then, gan including	B / I

These still count as names:

Words	Why it is still a name	Stage
a phrase join under /z/, /d/, or /b/	-n titles the bundle (titled phrases)	I
a hook	-n titles a proper-name phrase (titled phrases)	I
a number word	-n is a conventional designation, such as an official label or the Second (number-word exception)	I