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Recipes for English as for, whose, different from, official titles, and pointing back across roles. Every form here is taught on a grammar page; each recipe links what it needs.
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Talking about someone
As for (hahehom)
Needs: Adverbs · Extra nouns
English as for X or regarding X names who or what the sentence is about, even when X is not the subject or object. In Agazan, put hahehom as for in /h/ and X in a hosted /b/ right after it: hahehom bazawan is as for Azawan. The rest of the sentence keeps its free order. (cue: #️⃣ hash: a hashtag marks what the post is about.)
hahehom bazawan zalahen dagadul vahahal.[h-as-for | b-Azawan] | z-Alahen | d-cat | v-see
"As for Azawan, Alahen sees a cat."
Compare with: as for frames this one sentence and leaves the talk's topic alone. English now, about Azawan sets the topic from here on (xazawan).
Which noun, with resume and kinds
Needs: Which person or thing · Resume · Role compounds · Asides
Beginner already used two sentences for English who / that / which. Prefer resume -r in the second sentence.
zagavol vehahel. zazawan bagavor vezebel.z-guard | v-sit . z-Azawan | b-←guard | v-tell
"A guard sits. Azawan tells that guard."
zazawan dodogal vahahal al babagul. zodogar varahal.z-Azawan | d-dog | v-see | [in | b-bank] . z-←dog | v-run
"Azawan sees a dog in a bank. The dog runs."
A place, tool, or of-relation on the noun is still an extra-noun hook or hosted /ɡ/ + /b/ (the guard in a bank, a book written with a hammer). A one-place role as a kind (sitting guard, teacher, a sleep-place) is a role compound on /ɡ/ with a non-resume ending, the same pattern as is a teacher. Resume -r on that compound is this instance (the one teaching), not the occupation.
zazawan dagavol gaxehahel vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-guard | g-agent-x-chair] | v-see
"Azawan sees a sitting guard."
For English whose, resume the person after the whose hook em in the second sentence. Use gegabem instead when the point is that the guard legally owns it.
zagavol vehahel. zodogal em bagavor varahal.z-guard | v-sit . [z-dog | [used-by | b-←guard]] | v-run
"A guard sits. The guard's dog runs." (The guard whose dog runs sits.)
English uses the same who clause for two jobs. When it picks out which one (the guard who sits, not the other guard), use the two-sentence pattern or a role compound, as above. When it only adds extra information about someone already known (Azawan, who walks, sings), put that information in an aside th(…) inside the sentence.
zazawan th(zazawar vowogal) vezehel.z-Azawan | th-ASIDE[z-←Azawan | v-walk] | v-sing
"Azawan, who walks, sings."
Compare with: ordinary gehahel is chair / position as a property, not sitting. Restrictors say when a claim counts (never, only when raining), not which noun. Two hosted /ɡ/ + /b/ pairs on the same first noun still need another sentence (complex chaining).
Stacked owners (Azawan's dog's bone)
Needs: Whose (em) · Sequence oe
When English stacks possessives, keep one em and list every owner in its /b/, closed by the sequence join boel. Put the nearest owner first: the first /b/ uses the host, and each later /b/ keeps the one before it.
zobol em bodogal bazawan boel.[z-bone | [used-by | [b-dog | b-Azawan | b-in-order]]]
"Azawan's dog's bone."
Compare with: a set join in the same slot (bodogal bazawan bal) says both use the bone directly. Only the sequence says the dog's bone, and Azawan's dog.
The day when …
English the day when / the place where is two sentences. Name the time or place first, then resume it with -r in /h/ in the next sentence: on that day.
zalahen vahahal dazazam. zazawan vowogal hazazar.z-Alahen | v-see | d-day . z-Azawan | v-walk | h-←day
"Alahen sees the day when Azawan walks."
Different from
Needs: Similative · Negation u
For unlike / different from, use the similative gumum with the model in /b/, then close it with a negating join gul. The match to the model is denied.
zazawan gumum balahen gul.z-Azawan | [[g-like | b-Alahen] | g-not]
"Azawan is different from Alahen."
What someone did
Needs: The undergoer (u) · This instance (-r)
English what in Alahen sees what Azawan writes names the thing an event happened to, with no noun for it. State that event first, then point back at its undergoer with the u role compound in -r: the thing written.
zazawan varadal. zalahen vahahal duxaradar.z-Azawan | v-write . z-Alahen | v-see | d-←patient-x-write
"Alahen sees what Azawan writes."
Keep the two verbs different. -r points at the latest matching event, so zalahen vahahal duxahahar would point at Alahen's own seeing.
Compare with: dar is something (a new, unnamed thing), not the thing from an event already said.
Someone's act (Azawan's walk)
Needs: Which person or thing · Resume · Of relations · Negation
English 's on an act (Azawan's walk, the monkey's tricks) names who did it. em is for things in someone's use, and an act is not one. Say the act as its own sentence first, then resume its verb root with -r in the next sentence: that walk.
zazawan vowogal. zalahen dowogar vahahal.z-Azawan | v-walk . z-Alahen | d-←walk | v-see
"Alahen sees Azawan's walk."
When the act was denied (vul), the resume points at the act as denied: the not-doing. That is how English the forgetting or the failure to call comes back after did not remember or did not call.
zazawan dalahen vevom vul. zevor gabeyom.z-Azawan | d-Alahen | [v-memory | v-not] . z-←memory | g-mishap
"Azawan didn't remember Alahen. The forgetting was a mishap."
When the thing only comes from B (the sound of the drums), use origin gagum + /b/ instead.
zalahen dadehal gagum badavolx vewal.z-Alahen | [d-audio | [g-origin | b-drum-x]] | v-hear
"Alahen hears the sound of the drums."
Named handles
Needs: Proper name -n · Phrasal proper names
A long official title (bureau, act, titled group) may have a handle: one published root plus -n, used like any proper name, including on first mention. The long form is the same office spelled as a phrasal proper (ROOT x ROOT … + -n).
zubugan vezebel.z-Ubugan | v-tell
"Ubugan announces." (office handle on first mention)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
zubugan | handle: one root + -n | default talk, including first mention |
zubugaxalahen | long title: phrasal proper (ROOT x ROOT … + -n) | full legal / ceremonial name of the same office |
zubugaxalahen.z-Ubuga-x-Alahen
"Book-Courage" (full title of that office)
Resume the handle like any name: its whole stem + -r (zubugar).
Compare with: a mention is the word (glelel z<ubuga> = the word “abogo”). A foreign letter-name is a loan or opaque span (z@<FBI>).
Who does it: student, singer, manager
Needs: Role compounds (the doer) · Saying someone is a teacher
English names a person by what they do (a singer, a manager). Agazan builds that noun from the event root: person letter, a, x, the root, then -l. zaxezehel is a singer from ezehel sing, and on /ɡ/ (gaxezehel) it says someone is one. Only roots whose everyday sense is the event work this way, so one stem often covers several English jobs.
zaxelehal varadal.z-agent-x-learn | v-write
"A student writes."
| Agazan | English | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
zaxelehal | student / pupil | elehal learn |
zaxedehol | teacher / professor / coach | edehol teach |
zaxarezel | researcher | arezel research |
zaxubugalahahal | reader | ubugalahahal read |
zaxagahalanabal | driver | agahalanabal drive |
zaxumuyulezebel | poet | umuyulezebel poetry |
zaxamoluzel | investor | amoluzel investment |
zaxamolameval | employee | amolameval employment |
zuexamolameval | employer (the one who bears the cost) | amolameval employment |
zaxahal | participant | ahal handshake |
zaxagayel | leader / chairman / president | agayel crown |
zaxamel | director | amel compass |
zaxadedel | manager / executive / operator | adedel administrate |
zaxaludel | adviser / consultant | aludel lantern |
zaxahul | voter | ahul ballot |
zaxahahul | critic | ahahul judge |
zaxameval | maker / producer / manufacturer | ameval manufacture |
zaxunuzel | reporter / journalist | unuzel newspaper |
zaxodol | witness / reference (one who vouches) | odol attest |
zaxaradal | writer | aradal write |
zaxabohal | analyst | abohal bar-chart |
zaxageval | designer | ageval craft |
zaxagozal | engineer | agozal construct |
zaxebezal | doctor | ebezal pill |
zaxezehel | singer | ezehel sing |
zaxumuyul | musician | umuyul sheet-music |
zaxavol | actor | avol theater |
zaxebegal | player | ebegal playground |
zaxozobol | athlete | ozobol sport |
zaxowobol | competitor | owobol water-polo |
zaxevegol | winner | evegol victory |
zaxagaval | supporter / sponsor | agaval crutch |
zaxalaval | lover | alaval love |
zaxebedel | servant / server / assistant | ebedel plate |
zaxozewel | worker | ozewel sweat |
zaxehel | dealer | ehel currency-exchange |
zaxemagel | immigrant | emagel immigration |
zaxewal | audience (those who hear) | ewal ear |
zaxogehel | terrorist | ogehel ogre |
zaxehebam | tourist | ehebal ship |
zaxahazam | neighbor (add om bamagon for near me) | ahazal house |
zaxabazel | officer (police) | abazel police |
zaxagedum | official / minister | agedum institution |
zaxuhul | secretary (keeps the ledger) | uhul ledger |
zaxebudam | artist | ebudam artistry |
zaxegabem | owner | egabem ownership |
zaxozel | historian | ozel scroll |
zaxagegam | consumer | agegam consumption |
zaxabazul | passenger / rider (of a bus) | abazul bus |
zaxozewelx | staff / personnel (workers as a set) | ozewel sweat |
zuxahul | candidate (the one voted for) | ahul ballot |
zoxehel | customer / purchaser (the other party of a trade) | ehel currency-exchange |
zoxebebum | host (the other party of a hospitality tie) | ebebum hospitality |
The one acted on uses u instead: zuxenehel is a victim (the one harmed). A plural audience or staff takes plural -x (zaxewalx).
A noun that specifies the job goes in the stem: zaxodogaxowogal is a dog walker. The noun's part in the job is as open as in English.
English as a teacher, I … has no one-word form (/h/ already means manner). Say the role, then the claim (zamagon gaxedehol. zamagor vezebel.), or use the similative for like a teacher (humum baxedehol).
Shareholder is owner of a part: zaxegabem gobom bahazal (owner of a part of the house). Colleague is a worker tied to you: zaxozewel gohoham bamagon. Relative is a person who is part of the family: zobel gobom bavahal.
Compare with: for boss or chief, the tie form names whom they lead: zalahen gagayem bazawan is Alahen is Azawan's boss (social relations).
Kin words
Needs: Kin · Adjectives /ɡ/
English brother, sister, aunt, grandmother name one layer of the family tree and a sex. Agazan says the layer with the kin number and the sex with gemehel male or geveval female, after zobel person. Put the person the tie is from in /b/ right after the number.
zobel geveval grebazol bazawan.[z-person | g-female | [g-#-e0 | b-Azawan]]
"Azawan's sister."
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| brother | zobel gemehel grebazol bazawan |
| sister | zobel geveval grebazol bazawan |
| aunt (a sister of a parent) | zobel geveval grebazol bobel grebuwol bazawan |
| grandmother (a parent of a parent) | zobel geveval grebuwol bobel grebuwol bazawan |
| generation | the kin number itself: grebuwol parents, grebazol siblings, grebawol children |
For uncle and grandfather, use gemehel for geveval.
Buying and selling
Needs: Exchange
English buy and sell are two views of one swap. Agazan has one trading verb, vehem, and hehem names what is given in return. Put what changes hands in /d/ and what it is swapped for in /b/. Money in /d/ and the goods in /b/ is buy; the goods in /d/ and money in /b/ is sell.
zazawan damol hehem bubugal vehem.z-Azawan | d-money | [h-in-exchange-for | b-book] | v-convertibility
"Azawan buys a book."
zazawan dubugal hehem bamol vehem.z-Azawan | d-book | [h-in-exchange-for | b-money] | v-convertibility
"Azawan sells a book."
Sale, purchase and trade name the same swap as a noun; say it as the sentence, then point back to it.
Give, get, lend, earn, owe
Needs: The extra /b/ party (o) · Extra noun (el, em) · Exchange · Coordinated lists · Fault
English give, get, receive, provide, lend and borrow are several views of one handing-over. Agazan keeps the giving verb vebel (present) and moves the view by where you put people. The thing sits in /d/, and the one who gets it sits in unhosted /b/ after the verb (recipient). To name the parties from the verb itself, use the role compounds: zaxebel is the giver (supplier, provider) and zoxebel is the recipient (receiver). -r (zoxeber) is this recipient of the latest giving. Lend and borrow work the same way on vagawel (credit, with the lend sense): the borrower is the recipient.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| give / provide / contribute | zazawan dubugal vebel balahen. | the book goes to Alahen |
| get / receive / acquire (a thing handed over) | the same sentence | the receiver is the /b/ |
| giver / supplier / provider | zaxebel | doer of the giving |
| receiver | zoxebel | the one given to |
| lend / borrow | zazawan dubugal vagawel balahen. | the book is lent to Alahen |
| borrower | zoxagawel | the one lent to |
| distribute | zazawan dubugal vebel balahen bahaben bal. | the book goes to each of them |
| earn | zazawan varadal hehem bamol. | write in exchange for money |
| owe | zazawan gamom balahen. | in debt to Alahen |
| get (go after something) | zazawan vowogal el bubugal. | walk for the book |
| contribute money | zazawan damol vebel el bavahal. | give money for a family's sake |
| contribute to (be part of the cause) | …therar barl … | one share among several causes |
zazawan dubugal vebel balahen.z-Azawan | d-book | v-present | b-Alahen
"Azawan gives Alahen a book." — Alahen gets it
zazawan varadal hehem bamol.z-Azawan | v-write | [h-in-exchange-for | b-money]
"Azawan earns money by writing."
zazawan gamom balahen.z-Azawan | [g-debt | b-Alahen]
"Azawan owes Alahen."
zazawan dubugal vebel balahen bahaben bal.z-Azawan | d-book | v-present | [b-Alahen | b-Ahaben | b-and]
"Azawan gives a book to Alahen and Ahaben."
Compare with: buy and sell are the swap. For as a get meant to reach B is the hook el, and em says it has already reached B and is in B's use.
Join, belong, comprise, replace, represent, prefer, involve, agree
Needs: Rank joins · Join-act verbs · Join-relations · Of relations · Whose · Exchange · Proxy · Simile
Many English verbs (join, belong, consist, replace, represent, prefer) say how two things stand to each other more than what anyone does. Agazan writes that stance as a hosted relation word with the other thing in /b/, or as a join-act verb when someone really acts on a thing. Pick the relation, and keep the ordinary verb for the activity.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| join / associate with (come along) | zazawan vowogal han balahen. | walks in company with Alahen |
| join / admit (take into a set) | zazawan dagubem vaon. | admits the object; more may follow |
| belong to | zubugal em balahen. | in Alahen's use |
| consist of / made of | zahazal guwum buwul. | material |
| comprise / constitute / is part of | zahavol gobom bahazal. | a piece of the whole |
| match / correspond to / fit (alike) | zahazal humum bodogal. | like, as a simile |
| replace / substitute | zazawan dubugal hehem bahavol vehem. | swaps one for the other |
| represent (act for) | zazawan hadem balahen vezebel. | tells on behalf of Alahen |
| prefer | zazawan dubugal ven. | ranks the object first |
| would rather X than Y / prefer doing X to Y | zazawan vowogal varahal vel. | walking outranks running |
| lack / miss (a need) | zazawan volum. | needs |
| fill / complete | zazawan dubugal vahahom. | makes complete |
| recognize / acknowledge | zazawan dalahen vewevam. | acknowledges Alahen |
| distinguish / classify | zazawan dalahen valebam. | sorts Alahen by kind |
| cope / survive | zazawan vagogom. | is resilient |
| enable | zalahen vowogaxal thegem bazawan. | Alahen can walk, Azawan makes that happen |
| assist / help (as a servant) | zazawan vebedel dalahen. | serves Alahen |
| consult | zazawan vezebelalegol dalahen. | talks with the expert |
| shoot | zazawan vezogul. | uses the squirt-gun root |
| involve / include (among others) | zazawan vowogal am balahen. | walks, Alahen among those involved |
| apply / use (a tool) | zazawan vowogal ael bahavol. | walks using the hammer |
| agree with | zazawan dalahen vanadel. | nods to Alahen |
| disagree with | zazawan dalahen vanadel vul. | does not nod to Alahen |
zazawan vowogal han balahen.z-Azawan | v-walk | [h-including | b-Alahen]
"Azawan walks with Alahen."
zazawan dubugal ven.z-Azawan | d-book | v-prioritizes
"Azawan prefers the book."
zazawan vowogal varahal vel.z-Azawan | [v-walk | v-run | v-rank/more]
"Azawan would rather walk than run."
Compare with: or rather (correcting what you just said) is the revision hook el, not a preference. Belong to as legal ownership is gegabem (of relations). Represent as stand for a symbol is not proxy, and has no recipe here.
Piece, species, gender, patient, function, size, way
Needs: Of relations · Role compounds · Universals · Joins · Adjectives · Equatives · Adverbs · Stacked discourse hooks
English makes nouns for a part, a kind, a role, and a manner. Agazan has no separate noun for most of them. A part is a relation to its whole, a kind is the classification root, a role is a role compound on the verb, and a manner is an adverb. Pick the job and write that.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| piece / fragment / feature | zahavol gobom bahazal. | a part of the whole |
| cluster / bunch | the kind with -x: zodogalx | a set here (group words) |
| species / kind (the category) | zalebam | classification |
| the dodo / the wolf (the species itself) | zuan gododul | the kind itself |
| gender / sex (the category) | zevevam zemehem zam. | the open pair female, male |
| sex (the act) | zelebum | sexuality |
| patient (being treated) | zuxehewol | the one who undergoes healing |
| scene (where it happens) | zexowogal | the scene of the walk |
| function (purpose) | zubugal gulothom. | the book's purpose is competence |
| size (how big) | zubugal zahavol zael gelavam. | same size as the hammer |
| way / method / style / mode | the manner adverb on /h/ | zazawan vowogal hadehum. |
| instance / for example | aol … opens the sentence | one case of what you said |
| everybody | zual | every member |
| absence | zazadol gul | not present |
| poverty | zazawan gegedom gul. | not wealthy |
| weakness | zazawan gabezem gul. | not strong |
| friendship | zemezem | companionship |
| event / incident / phenomenon | "what happened", a free relative | the event as a clause |
zevevam zemehem zam.[z-feminine | z-masculine | z-and.open]
"Gender."
zazawan vowogal hadehum.z-Azawan | v-walk | h-haste
"Azawan walks in a hasty way."
Compare with: piece of as a fragment of a text is the same part relation with the text in /b/. A story character is an ordinary person noun (zobel), not this.
Case, deal, figure, board and other several-sense nouns
Needs: Dependent clauses · Exchange · Between · Number as verb · Role pointers · Consent · Joins · Role letters
An English noun like case or board covers several jobs, and Agazan has a different word for each. Decide which job you mean first, then write that word. Where a job is a whole clause (in that case, a deal), the recipe is a clause, not a noun.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| case (in that case) | thoyem barl | if |
| case (lawsuit) | zahahulehegol | a problem put before a judge |
| case (container) | zabegol | a package |
| deal / bargain (a swap) | zazawan dubugal hehem bamol vehem. | trades a book for money |
| deal (a great deal) | thobam zel gral | more than the usual amount |
| bid / offer (a price) | zazawan damol vebel hehem bubugal. | offers money in exchange for the book |
| contract (agreement) | thuxegol on the clause | CONSENT, binding |
| figure out / find out | zazawan dubugal vamagal. | finds the object |
| figure (shape) | zevevol | a frame |
| object (a thing) | zar | an unnamed thing |
| object (a goal) | zogol | a goal |
| object (grammatical) | /d/ | done to (role letters) |
| board (committee) | zahodol | a team |
| board (plank) | zuwul | wood |
| series / round (a cycle) | zeredum | cycle |
| operation (an activity) | zuzegem | activity |
| operation (arithmetic) | zabugam | calculation |
| application (use) | hook ael + tool | zazawan vowogal ael bahavol. |
| application (software) | zabegol | a package |
| campaign | zazawan vavadam huwem bavodel. | struggles during a period |
| behavior | zuzegem | the activity, or a manner adverb |
| population | zobelx gagum bagul | people of the country |
| reference (point back) | duxar | a role pointer to the last thing done to |
| principle | zumem | a policy |
| furniture | zehahel zebedal zam | chair, bed, and maybe more |
| emotion / feeling (in general) | zaholohahal | the water of the heart |
| emotional | gaholohahal | of the heart's water |
| verb | zezebeluzegel | the word for an action |
| noun | zezebelanedal | the word that names a thing |
| density | zehobalegodel | bulk packed into an extent |
| afternoon | zazazaladazol | the late part of the day |
| popular | galavalehobal | loved by the many |
| user | zaxahadal | doer with the hand |
| abortion | zebegologovel | a pregnancy ended |
| available | goxebexal | can be the recipient of a gift |
| independent | golum gevem balahen gul | does not depend on Alahen |
| straight (direct) | gamem | direction |
| hang | zazawan dalahen vageladahel. | holds Alahen from above |
| editor | zaxebeyolarebel | doer of the editing |
| closely | zazawan vahahal hazedam hul. | looks, not at a distance |
| briefly | zazawan vowogal bazadem gram. | walks for about five seconds |
| wherever | ol bual gahazal | everywhere houses are |
| alone (without company) | zazawan vowogal huan bur. | walks without any other |
| single (unmarried) | zazawan gewedem gul. | not in union |
| income / revenue | zamolenabal | money incoming |
| definition / meaning | zezebelovul | the meaning |
| mood | zaholohahal | the heart's water |
| apply (put on, as lotion) | zazawan dazawan volohel. | tends to self |
| attribute / characterize | zazawan dalahen valebam. | sorts Alahen by kind |
| various / diverse | gerebom | diversity |
| regular | gerobem | repeating |
| suffer | zazawan vagahum. | feels anguish |
| reality / fact | zenevem | the fact |
| real / actual | genevem | factual |
| variation / distinction | the different-from sentence | says how they differ |
| tendency | huam on the verb | usually, as a rule |
| cent | zadahul g-100 | a hundredth of a dollar |
| middle / central | zahol gobom borodal | the heart of the road |
| international | zahazal gazam bagul bagul bal | between two countries |
| dependent on | zazawan golum gevem balahen. | depends on Alahen |
| favorite | zalavalogodal | the one loved first |
| count / total up | zazawan vabugam. | calculates |
| qualify | zazawan valegom. | is expert enough |
| criticize | zazawan dalahen vahahum. | judges Alahen |
| ride (a bus) | zazawan vabazul. | rides the bus |
| environment / surroundings | zahazamogobal | the world seen as the home around you |
| efficiency | zavagemozewel | output for the effort |
| holder (a thing that holds) | zahadalahabal | what holds in the hand |
| holder (a person who bears) | zaxahabal | doer of the bearing |
| intervention | zazawan vuvudel hazam balahen bahaben bal. | comes between the two |
| reduce | zazawan dubugal v-3. | decreases the object by three |
| reduce (cut down) | zazawan dubugal vagezul. | cuts it |
| rough (approximate) | gram | about five |
| rough (texture) | gabogul gul | not smooth |
zazawan damol vebel hehem bubugal.z-Azawan | d-money | v-present | [h-in-exchange-for | b-book]
"Azawan bids money for the book."
zazawan dubugal vagezul.z-Azawan | d-book | v-axe
"Azawan cuts the book."
Contribution, acquisition, murder, comparison and other act nouns
Needs: The event itself · Role compounds · Someone's act · Fault · Label scope · Proxy · Exchange
English turns many acts into nouns (contribution, acquisition, murder, comparison). Agazan has no separate noun for them. Put the verb stem on a thing letter with no role vowel to name the act itself, put ux in the vowel slot to name the thing the act happens to, or say the act as a sentence and resume it with -r. A wrongness or a pattern is the pole or label on the act, not a different noun.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| contribution / acquisition (the act) | zebel | a giving, seen as a whole |
| contribution (what is given) / acquisition (what is got) | zuxebel | the thing the giving happens to |
| that contribution / that acquisition | deber / duxeber | the latest giving, or what it passed on |
| contribution (a share in a cause) | thever barl | one share among several causes |
| representation (acting for someone) | zazawan gadem balahen | Azawan, on behalf of Alahen |
| reaction / response | zegehum | the answer to what unlocked it |
| react to | zazawan derehel vegehum. | answers the rain |
| murder (a wrongful killing) | zalahen vazagal thevel barl zazawan vezogul. | a death, and the fault is Azawan's shooting |
| comparison / contrast (setting two against each other) | zezom | contrast |
| compare A with B | zazawan dalahen vezom bahaben. | sets Alahen against Ahaben |
| preference (the one preferred) | zalavalogodal | the one loved first |
| tendency (a pattern) | zalahathel | a lying that repeats |
| tends to | zazawan valahathel. | lies, as a pattern |
| introduction (the act) | zalahen velehal dazawan thegem bahaben. | Alahen learns Azawan, Ahaben makes it happen |
| introduction (opening of a text) | zogodal gobom bubugal | the first part of a book |
| unemployment | zazawan zamolameval gul. | not in paid production |
zalahen dubugal vebel bazawan. zazawan deber vahahal.z-Alahen | d-book | v-present | b-Azawan . z-Azawan | d-←present | v-see
"Alahen gave Azawan a book. Azawan sees that gift."
zazawan derehel vegehum.z-Azawan | d-rain | v-solution
"Azawan reacts to the rain."
zalahen vazagal thevel barl zazawan vezogul.z-Alahen | v-skull | [th-because.fault | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | v-squirt-gun
"Azawan murdered Alahen."
zazawan dalahen vezom bahaben.z-Azawan | d-Alahen | v-contrast | b-Ahaben
"Azawan compares Alahen with Ahaben."
Compare with: a ranking (Azawan is more challenging than Alahen) is the rank join, not vezom, which only sets two things side by side. Acquisition as a company buying another is buy. Preference as a general taste is a sake; zalavalogodal names the one chosen. Tendency is the pattern label (the) on the root, so tends to lie and a tendency to lie differ only in the word's slot.
Fair, keep, public, ride, admit and other leftover senses
Needs: Word endings · Join-relations · Hooks · Starting and stopping
Some English words have a second or third sense that a published root already carries as a synonym. Look the sense up first; most of these need no new word, only the right ending (-m for the abstract sense) or the right host.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| just / fair (even-handed) | zazawan gelabam. | fair |
| last (final) | zazawan gogovem. | final |
| apply / application (a request) | zazawan dubugal vebewom. | pleads for the object |
| keep / retain (an object) | zazawan dubugal verem. | preserves the book |
| experience (skill) | zulom | readiness |
| side (position, location) | zehahem | a position |
| address (a location) | zehahem | where it is |
| public (open to everyone) | zahazal gaon bual. | a house open to all |
| character (a trait) | zevebem | identity, personality |
| special (dear to one person) | zazawan galavam. | cherished |
| fit (healthy) | zazawan gabugom. | in health |
| fit (suits) | gulotham | a met need (sake words) |
| match (a contest) | zezadem | a contest |
| ride (a horse, a bike) | zazawan vehebam ael bohozal. | travels using the horse |
| admit (acknowledge a fault) | zazawan dahabal vewevam. | acknowledges the harm |
| directly (without a go-between) | gamem | straight |
| set off / start | vabedom | starts |
| turn off / stop | vazadal | stops |
zazawan dubugal verem.z-Azawan | d-book | v-preservation
"Azawan keeps the book."
zazawan vehebam ael bohozal.z-Azawan | v-voyage | [using | b-horse]
"Azawan rides the horse."
Compare with: ride as a bus trip is vabazul (sense nouns). Special as unusual is a rank above the bar (bar words). Fair in a fair price is gelabam, and fairly as quite is wadeham.
Other, another, different
Needs: Unspecified member · Similative · Different from
English another dog and the other one name something outside the ones already in play. Put zur (something else) after the kind: zodogal zur is another dog. Resemblance is the similative: gumum + /b/ is similar to, and humum is similarly. Denying it with gul (or hul on an adverb) gives different and differently.
zazawan vahahal dodogal dur.z-Azawan | v-see | [d-dog | d-something-else]
"Azawan sees another dog."
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| similar (similar to Alahen) | gumum balahen |
| similarly (walks like Alahen) | humum balahen |
| different (different from Alahen) | gumum balahen gul |
| differently | humum balahen hul |
| differ (Azawan and Alahen differ) | zazawan zalahen zal gumum gul |
For how much they differ, use a measured differential.
Pointing back across roles
Himself, herself, themselves
Needs: Resume
English himself, herself, itself and themself say the object is the same one as the subject. Put the subject's resume (-r) in /d/. Agazan does not mark sex or number in the resume, so one form covers all of them. With plural -x on the subject and the resume it is themselves, and with the inclusive we (zahan) it is ourselves.
zazawan vahahal dazawar.z-Azawan | v-see | d-←Azawan
"Azawan sees themself."
zodogalx vahahal dodogarx.z-dog-x | v-see | d-←dog-x-x
"The dogs see themselves."
zahan vewal dahar.z-interlocutors | v-hear | d-←interlocutors
"We hear ourselves."
Compare with: for each other, join the people and put hedam after the verb (pronouns).
Cross-role inventory
Needs: Resume · Cross-role recast
Intermediate already recast one referent into a new slot. Each table is an antecedent role; rows are the pronoun role. The mechanism is still one -r.
zodogal vowogal. zowogar gelavam.z-dog | v-walk . z-←walk | g-big
"A dog walks. That action is big."
Antecedent was a noun (/z/, /d/, or /b/)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
/z/ /d/ /b/ … -r | ordinary 3rd-person slot | he / she / it / they; that (one) (/b/ still follows the host relation) |
/v/ … -r | the same action again, now involving that entity | do the same to / with it |
/ɡ/ … -r | of that entity’s kind (not possession) | of that kind |
/w/ … -r | degree or frame on a property of that entity | that degree / frame |
/h/ … -r | occasion framed by that entity | then / that way (framed by that entity) |
/y/ vocative … -r | address that entity | vocative |
/x/ … -r | return: sets the topic again | Going back to subject X |
Examples:
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen dazawar vahahal.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | d-←Azawan | v-see
"Azawan mutes. Alahen sees Azawan."
zazawan demegul vamuyul. zalahen vemegur.z-Azawan | d-studio-mic | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-←studio-mic
"Azawan mutes a studio mic. Alahen does the same to it."
zeredel gelavam. zemegul gereder.z-radio | g-big . z-studio-mic | g-←radio
"A radio is big. A studio mic is of that kind."
zeredel welavam gelavam. zemegul werer gelavam.z-radio | [w-very | g-big] . z-studio-mic | [w-RECORDED.weak | g-big]
"A radio is very big. A studio mic is that big too."
zazawan veredem. zalahen hazawar vamuyul.z-Azawan | v-broadcast . z-Alahen | h-←Azawan | v-mute
"Azawan broadcasts. Alahen mutes on that one's account."
zazawan vamuyul. yazawar.z-Azawan | v-mute . y-←Azawan
"Azawan mutes. Hey, Azawan!"
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen vabahel. xazawar vezugel.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-punch . x-←Azawan | v-scream
"Azawan mutes. Alahen punches. Going back to Azawan, Azawan screams."
Antecedent was a verb (/v/)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
/z/ /d/ /b/ … -r | the doing as a noun | that action / event / doing (not the agent/place/patient/recipient; use role compounds) |
/v/ … -r | same action again | do so / do that |
/ɡ/ … -r | property of having done that | such (done that way) |
/w/ … -r | frame on an adjective about that doing | that frame |
/h/ … -r | manner of acting | by doing so / thereby / in that manner of acting |
/y/ … -r | vocative/interjection on that named act | They did that?! |
/x/ … -r | discourse resume of the doing (points back; sets no topic) | Going back to that (doing / event) |
Examples:
zazawan vamuyul. zamuyur gelavam.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-←mute | g-big
"Azawan mutes. That muting is big."
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen vamuyur.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-←mute
"Azawan mutes. Alahen does so."
zazawan demegul vamuyul. zeredel gamuyur.z-Azawan | d-studio-mic | v-mute . z-radio | g-←mute
"Azawan mutes a studio mic. A radio is such (muted too)."
zazawan vamuyul. zeredel wamuyur gelavam.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-radio | [w-←mute | g-big]
"Azawan mutes. A radio is big as far as muting goes."
zazawan veredem. zalahen hereder vamuyul.z-Azawan | v-broadcast . z-Alahen | h-←broadcast | v-mute
"Azawan broadcasts. By doing so, Alahen mutes."
zazawan vamuyul. yamuyur.z-Azawan | v-mute . y-←mute
"Azawan mutes. Azawan did that?!"
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen vabahel. xamuyur zahaben vezugel.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-punch . x-←mute | z-Ahaben | v-scream
"Azawan mutes. Alahen punches. Going back to the muting, Ahaben screams."
Antecedent was an adjective (/ɡ/)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
/z/ /d/ /b/ … -r | the property as an entity | the … one; that quality; those who are … |
/v/ … -r | act characterized by the property | be/do that |
/ɡ/ … -r | same property again | such / that |
/w/ … -r | degree of the property | that degree |
/h/ … -r | manner from the property | in that way / so |
/y/ … -r | named category as a call | It was that?! |
/x/ … -r | discourse resume of the property | Going back to that (property / category) |
Examples:
zeredel geredal. zeredar vezugel.z-radio | g-red . z-←red | v-scream
"A radio is red. The red one screams."
zahaben geredal. zazawan veredar.z-Ahaben | g-red . z-Azawan | v-←red
"Ahaben is red. Azawan does that."
zeredel geredal. zemegul geredar.z-radio | g-red . z-studio-mic | g-←red
"A radio is red. A studio mic is such."
zeredel welavam geredal. zemegul werer gelavam.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-studio-mic | [w-RECORDED.weak | g-big]
"A radio is very red. A studio mic is big to that degree."
zeredel geredal. zazawan heredar veredem.z-radio | g-red . z-Azawan | h-←red | v-broadcast
"A radio is red. Azawan broadcasts that way."
zeredel geredal. yeredar.z-radio | g-red . y-←red
"A radio is red. It was that?!"
zeredel geredal. zalahen vabahel. xeredar zazawan vezugel.z-radio | g-red . z-Alahen | v-punch . x-←red | z-Azawan | v-scream
"A radio is red. Alahen punches. Going back to the redness, Azawan screams."
Antecedent was an adjective extra (/w/)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
/z/ /d/ /b/ … -r | the degree / scale / criterion as a thing | that degree / scale / criterion |
/ɡ/ … -r | host property under that frame again | that property |
/w/ … -r | same adjunct again | same adjunct |
/v/ /h/ … -r | act or clause framed by that degree/criterion | framed doing / occasion |
/y/ … -r | vocative on that frame | In that manner?! |
/x/ … -r | discourse resume of the scale | Going back to that (scale / criterion) |
Examples:
zeredel welavam geredal. zalahen delavar vahahal.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-Alahen | d-←very | v-see
"A radio is very red. Alahen sees that degree."
zeredel welavam geredal. zemegul gelavar.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-studio-mic | g-←very
"A radio is very red. A studio mic is that (very red) too."
zeredel welavam geredal. zemegul welavar gelavam.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-studio-mic | [w-←very | g-big]
"A radio is very red. A studio mic is very big too."
zeredel welavam geredal. zazawan helavar veredem.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-Azawan | h-←very | v-broadcast
"A radio is very red. Azawan broadcasts to that degree."
zeredel welavam geredal. yelavar.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . y-←very
"A radio is very red. In that manner?!"
zeredel welavam geredal. zalahen vabahel. xelavar zazawan vezugel.z-radio | [w-very | g-red] . z-Alahen | v-punch . x-←very | z-Azawan | v-scream
"A radio is very red. Alahen punches. Going back to that degree, Azawan screams."
Antecedent was an adverb (/h/)
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
/z/ /d/ /b/ … -r | the adjunct as a noun | that time / place / manner / reason |
/v/ … -r | act under that occasion | that doing |
/ɡ/ … -r | property as of that occasion | that property |
/w/ … -r | adjective-level echo of that frame | that frame |
/h/ … -r | same adverb again | thus / so / then / that way |
/y/ … -r | vocative on that occasion | On that occasion?! |
/x/ … -r | discourse resume of the framing | Going back to that (occasion / framing) |
Examples:
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zahaben dumur vahahal.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-Ahaben | d-←like | v-see
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. Ahaben sees that manner."
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zahaben vumur.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-Ahaben | v-←like
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. Ahaben does it that way."
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zemegul gumur.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-studio-mic | g-←like
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. A studio mic is that way."
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zeredel wumur gelavam.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-radio | [w-←like | g-big]
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. A radio is big in that way."
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zahaben humur veredem.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-Ahaben | h-←like | v-broadcast
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. Ahaben broadcasts that way."
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. yumur.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . y-←like
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. Like that?!"
zalahen humum bazawan vamuyul. zazawan vabahel. xumur zahaben vezugel.z-Alahen | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-mute . z-Azawan | v-punch . x-←like | z-Ahaben | v-scream
"Alahen mutes like Azawan. Azawan punches. Going back to that manner, Ahaben screams."
Antecedent was /y/ or /x/
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
same class (/y/ or /x/) … -r | repeat that vocative, interjection, or linker | same call or glue again |
/x/ … -r from a noun antecedent | return: sets the topic again | Going back to subject X |
noun / verb / adjective / adverb … -r | recast the named formula or discourse label | ordinary referent (common for -n titles) |
Examples:
yazawan. yazawar.y-Azawan . y-←Azawan
"Azawan! Azawan!"
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen vabahel. xazawar vezugel.z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-punch . x-←Azawan | v-scream
"Azawan mutes. Alahen punches. Going back to Azawan, Azawan screams."
yalahen. zalaher vezugel.y-Alahen . z-←Alahen | v-scream
"Alahen! Alahen screams."
Talk moves and quoting
Arrow roots as talk-moves
Needs: Arrow rose · Sentence linkers
When east / west / southwest name a move in the talk, not a map point, write the published root bare (no th + facing person). Generic heading is ame (direction). Facing-relative ahead / back still uses DIR th ANCHOR.
zazawan vowogal. xodum zalahen varahal.z-Azawan | v-walk . x-therefore | z-Alahen | v-run
"Azawan walks. Therefore Alahen runs."
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
odum (bare) | talk moves on | progress; discourse xodum therefore |
ewezam (bare) | talk comes back | return |
azawem (bare) | talk pulls back | retreat |
amel | heading in general | compass / direction |
For therefore, use: the linker xodum. Body left / right still needs DIR th ANCHOR.
Literal content (fence words / fence marks)
Needs: Opaque and loan words
When a fence glyph ([ / ] / ( / ) / < / > / { / } / = / | / #) or a tone mark (! / ?) must appear as content, wrap that token in an opaque <…> span. The outer span’s wording is the opaque interior (the wrapper is packaging, not extra cited words).
agazan
d[ varadal d<]> ]
d[ d<|> ]
d[ vezebel d<#> ]d[ vezebel d<#> ] is a whole cite whose last content character is # (a bare #] would be editorial close). A hyphen before a closer is ordinary content.
Opaque d<…> closes on the first >. If the blob contains >, write it as a cite instead, which closes on the first ]:
agazan
d[code > 1]For ordinals, use: number words with #. Inside a span, # is an editorial closer only when it sits immediately before ] / ) / > / |. | is close-all.
Role, title, address
Needs: Role compounds · Kind / role · Cite · Call someone · Vocatives
These three English nouns each hide two jobs. Role is the function someone plays. Say it as a kind on /ɡ/, or as the doer of the event with a role compound. Title is either the name of a work or a claim to own something. Address is either speaking to someone or a speech.
| English | Agazan | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| role (the function someone plays) | zalahen gaxedehol. | the role-compound kind on /ɡ/ |
| title (the name of a work) | d@[onodan alahen] | cite with @ |
| title (a claim to own) | zegabem | ownership, the abstract sense of egabe |
| address (speak to someone) | yalahen. | call them with /y/ + their name |
| address (speak to a group) | yobenx. | /y/ + the kind as a title, -nx |
| address (a speech) | vezebel | the telling itself |
zalahen gaxedehol.z-Alahen | g-agent-x-teach
"Alahen is a teacher." — that is his role
Compare with: a street address is an ordinary named place (-n), with no separate form.
Sentence, phrase, word
Needs: Mention
To talk about a word, a phrase or a whole sentence as a thing in itself, use a mention: the marker glelel, then the span. English the word …, the phrase … and the sentence … all use the same frame. The span holds the Agazan interior, and its role letter still says what the mention does in the clause.
glelel z<odoga> gamazam.[gl-MENTION | z-OPAQUE["odoga"]] | g-small
"The word “odoga” is small."
glelel z<zalahen vezebel> gamazam.[gl-MENTION | z-OPAQUE["zalahen vezebel"]] | g-small
"The sentence “zalahen vezebel” is small."
Practice
Pointing back across roles
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a radio booth
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | ||
| Alahen | alahen | ||
| Ahaben | ahaben | ||
| mute | vamuyul | amuyul mute | 🔇: cutting the live sound |
| broadcast | veredem | eredel radio | 📻: sending the show out |
| radio | eredel | ||
| studio mic | emegul | ||
| red | eredal | ||
| big | elavam | elaval elephant | 🐘: the huge animal |
| punch | vabahel | ||
| scream | vezugel |
English → Agazan
1. Azawan mutes. Alahen does the same with them.
Show answer
zazawan vamuyul. zalahen vazawar.
z-Azawan | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-←Azawan
2. Alahen broadcasts. That action is big.
Show answer
zalahen veredem. zereder gelavam.
z-Alahen | v-broadcast . z-←broadcast | g-big
3. Azawan broadcasts. By doing so, Alahen mutes.
Show answer
zazawan veredem. zalahen hereder vamuyul.
z-Azawan | v-broadcast . z-Alahen | h-←broadcast | v-mute
4. A radio is red. The red one screams.
Show answer
zeredel geredal. zeredar vezugel.
z-radio | g-red . z-←red | v-scream
5. Alahen punches. That action is big.
Show answer
zalahen vabahel. zabaher gelavam.
z-Alahen | v-punch . z-←punch | g-big
Agazan → English
1. zeredel gelavam. zemegul gereder.
Show answer
z-radio | g-big . z-studio-mic | g-←radio
A radio is big. A studio mic is of that kind.
2. zalahen vabahel. zazawan habaher vamuyul.
Show answer
z-Alahen | v-punch . z-Azawan | h-←punch | v-mute
Alahen punches. By doing so, Azawan mutes.
3. zazawan demegul vamuyul. zalahen vemegur.
Show answer
z-Azawan | d-studio-mic | v-mute . z-Alahen | v-←studio-mic
Azawan mutes a studio mic. Alahen does the same to it.
4. zeredel gelavam. zelavar vezugel.
Show answer
z-radio | g-big . z-←big | v-scream
A radio is big. The big one screams.
5. zahaben geredal. zazawan veredar.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | g-red . z-Azawan | v-←red
Ahaben is red. Azawan does that.
As for
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a waiting room
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| Ahaben | ahaben |
| ticket | edegal |
| see | vahahal |
| tell | vezebel |
| as for | hahehom |
English → Agazan
1. As for Azawan, Alahen sees a ticket.
Show answer
hahehom bazawan zalahen dedegal vahahal.
[h-topic | b-Azawan] | z-Alahen | d-ticket | v-see
Agazan → English
1. hahehom bahaben zazawan balahen vezebel.
Show answer
[h-topic | b-Ahaben] | z-Azawan | b-Alahen | v-tell
As for Ahaben, Azawan tells Alahen.
Office handles
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a hospital ward
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | |
| Ahaben | ahaben | |
| Ezoden (office handle) | ezoden | |
| diagnosis-hospital (office full title) | ezodexahazon | |
| see | vahahal | ahahal eye |
English → Agazan
1. Ezoden sees Ahaben. (office handle, first mention)
Show answer
zezoden vahahal dahaben.
z-Ezoden | v-see | d-Ahaben
Agazan → English
1. zezodexahazon vahahal dazawan.
Show answer
z-Ezode-x-Ahazon | v-see | d-Azawan Diagnosis-Hospital sees Azawan. (that office’s full title)
Quoting literal marks
Short drills for these recipes. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a code review
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| Ahaben | ahaben |
| tell | vezebel |
| write | varadal |
English → Agazan
1. Azawan said “write ]”.
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zazawan d[ varadal d<]> ] vezebel.
z-Azawan | d-CITE[v-write | d-OPAQUE["]"]] | v-tell
2. Ahaben said “code > 1.” (a cite, because an angle-bracket fence would close on the first greater-than)
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zahaben d[code > 1] vezebel.
z-Ahaben | d-CITE["code > 1"] | v-tell
Agazan → English
1. zazawan d[ d<xuxul> ] vezebel.
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z-Azawan | d-CITE[d-OPAQUE["xuxul"]] | v-tell
Azawan said “xuxul.”
2. zalahen d[ varadal d<#> ] vezebel.
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Alahen said “write #.”