Lexicalized stand-ins
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Lexicalized stand-ins in other roles
A stand-in's vowel says what kind of content follows, and its first letter says which role that content fills. With -rn (or -n after two vowels, as in vaen), the stand-in becomes a fixed word for that kind of content: darn a statement, dern a question, dorn a command, durn a prohibition. Use the same vowels with another role letter when the following sentence fills that role. On /v/, the same -rn / -n endings make verbs that take the following sentence as their content.
Each content type has one lexicalized form; there is no closed / open pair here.
| Ageben | Dependent content | English |
|---|---|---|
varn | statement-like (a) | state… |
vern | question-like (e) | question… |
vorn | instruction-like (o) | command… |
vurn | avoidance-like (u) | prohibit… |
vaon | accepts a statement | confirm that… |
vuon | rejects a statement | deny that… |
vaen | accepts a proposed action | agree to… |
vuen | rejects a proposed action | decline to… |
vuan | rejects the premise behind a question or claim | dispute the premise that… |
For example, the /v/ word takes the following sentence as its content:
zazozon vaon zalazun vehohel.z-Azozon | v-confirm | z-Alazun | v-sit
"Azozon confirms that Alazun sits."
zazozon vuen zazozon vehohel.z-Azozon | v-decline-to | z-Azozon | v-sit
"Azozon declines to sit."
A /z/ stand-in puts the whole following sentence in the subject slot. With a /ɡ/ word describing that sentence, that is English it is … that / it is … to.
gamahum zarl zazozon vowurol.g-challenge | z-that-clause | z-Azozon | v-walk
"It is hard for Azozon to walk."
The sentence after one of these verbs has its own subject when the chosen content type requires one, just as it does after darl / derl. Changing the role letter lets the same kind of content serve as an object, a described property, or another role the clause allows.
Nested dependents
A clause has at most one stand-in, at its end. But the dependent clause is a clause too, so it may end in its own blarl, and a further sentence follows it on the right.
zazozon guzemel thahum blarl zalazun vowurol thahum blarl zahelan vezuvel.[z-Azozon | g-sleepy] | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Alazun | v-walk | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Ahelan | v-sleep
"Azozon is sleepy because Alazun walks because Ahelan sleeps." (Ahelan's sleep is why Alazun walks)
Practice
Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a complaint desk
New words:
| English | Ageben | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| command | vorn | o ≈ rank: the next sentence is an instruction |
| state | varn | a ≈ add: the next sentence is a claim |
| prohibit | vurn | u ≈ undo: the next sentence is something to avoid |
| statement | darn | a ≈ add: a statement as object |
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| Ahelan | ahelan |
| because | thahum |
| angry | onumul |
| scream | veyamul |
| tell | vezuyol |
| sit | vehohel |
| see | vayebel |
English → Ageben
1. Azozon commands that Alazun sit.
Show answer
zazozon vorn zalazun vehohel.
z-Azozon | v-command | z-Alazun | v-sit
2. Azozon is angry because Alazun screams because Ahelan sits.
Show answer
zazozon gonumul thahum blarl zalazun veyamul thahum blarl zahelan vehohel.
[z-Azozon | g-angry] | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Alazun | v-scream | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Ahelan | v-sit
3. Azozon sees the statement that Ahelan sits.
Show answer
zazozon vayebel darn zahelan vehohel.
z-Azozon | v-see | d-statement | z-Ahelan | v-sit
Ageben → English
1. zazozon varn zalazun vehohel.
Show answer
z-Azozon | v-state | z-Alazun | v-sit
Azozon states that Alazun sits.
2. zazozon vurn zalazun vehohel.
Show answer
z-Azozon | v-prohibit | z-Alazun | v-sit
Azozon prohibits Alazun from sitting.
3. zahelan vezuyol thahum blarl zalazun vehohel thahum blarl zazozon veyamul.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | v-tell | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Alazun | v-sit | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Azozon | v-scream
Ahelan talks because Alazun sits because Azozon screams.
Pick one
1. Azozon commands that Alazun sit. zazozon vorn zalazun vehohel. or zazozon varn zalazun vehohel.
Show answer
zazozon vorn zalazun vehohel.
z-Azozon | v-command | z-Alazun | v-sit
vorn takes the next sentence as an instruction; varn only states that Alazun sits.
Fix it
1. Azozon is angry because Alazun screams because Ahelan sits. zazozon gonumul thahum blarl zalazun veyamul zahelan vehohel.
Show answer
zazozon gonumul thahum blarl zalazun veyamul thahum blarl zahelan vehohel.
[z-Azozon | g-angry] | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Alazun | v-scream | [th-because | bl-that-clause] | z-Ahelan | v-sit
Each further because needs its own thahum blarl; without the second pair, Ahelan sitting is not a nested grounds clause.