Appearance
Knowing
English I think often smuggles a guess (I think Alahen is leaving Ahaben = maybe that is so) without saying whether you are checking. MAY marks the clause as potential: it could be so. Keep the ordinary verb and add a small /th/ word.
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Beginner
MAY
When the scene could be so (rejection, a blow, a loss — not a warrant), keep the content verb (leaves, punches, cries) and add ovu as a stance word (/th/). Start with thovum: could be. (cue: 💭 thought: a balloon over the scene)
The leaving or the blow is still the event named in the could be. Without the /th/ word you are reporting what happens. The same root can still be ordinary content (zovul a thought); plain think is its own root, vevegal.
zalahen thovum vedabal dahaben.z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure | d-Ahaben
"Alahen may be leaving Ahaben." — could be (default)
Compare with: zazawan vevegal. is Azawan thinks (an action of thinking). thovum is the scene may be so. A bare zalahen vedabal dahaben. reports the leaving.
Hold endings (MAY)
On ovu, -l / -m / -r say how much you are following up on that could be this sentence, on the same strong-to-light scale as ATTEMPT: -l is the most committed, -m the default, and -r the lightest. None of them is the “correct” person: settling it, leaving it at may, and letting it pass are all lawful. -n is ordinary proper.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
thovul | could be, and you are committed to settling it | may — I'll find out / let's find out | ovul thought | 💭: balloon plus a magnifying glass (-l the full run) |
thovum | could be (default; follow-up unstated) | may / could be | ovul thought | 💭: balloon (-m middle) |
thovur | could be, as a passing thought you are not pursuing right now | may — who knows | ovul thought | 💭: balloon drifting off (-r light, this moment only) |
When you are not sure, use thovum. That is not wiser than settling it (-l) or letting it pass (-r); it is the grammar of could be without those stances.
zalahen thovul vabahel dazawan.z-Alahen | th-MAY-find-out | v-punch | d-Azawan
"Alahen may be punching Azawan — I'll find out."
thovul can also sit on a yes/no ask when you are finding out:
yol zazawan thovul vabahel dalahen.y-question | z-Azawan | th-MAY-find-out | v-punch | d-Alahen
"Might Azawan be punching Alahen? — let's find out."
zahaben thovur vagahul.z-Ahaben | th-MAY-who-knows | v-cry
"Ahaben may be crying — who knows."
Translation practice
Short drills for Beginner. Try each item before opening Show answer. Write MAY for could be; pick -m (default), -l (I'll / let's find out), or -r (who knows). One item is thinking as an action, not MAY.
Setting: a café patio
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | |
| Alahen | alahen | |
| Ahaben | ahaben | |
| see | vahahal | ahahal eye |
| tell | vezebel | ezebel speech |
| departure | vedabal | edabal departure |
| cry | vagahul | |
| think | vevegal | |
| MAY | thovum | ovul thought |
| MAY-find-out | thovul | ovul thought |
| MAY-who-knows | thovur | ovul thought |
| punch | vabahel | |
| scream | vezugel | |
| fight | vavadal |
English → Agazan
1. Alahen may be seeing Ahaben. (could be; default)
Show answer
zalahen thovum vahahal dahaben.
z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-see | d-Ahaben
2. Azawan may be telling Alahen.
Show answer
zazawan thovum vezebel balahen.
z-Azawan | th-MAY | v-tell | b-Alahen
3. Ahaben may be leaving Azawan.
Show answer
zahaben thovum vedabal dazawan.
z-Ahaben | th-MAY | v-departure | d-Azawan
4. Alahen may be punching Azawan — I'll find out.
Show answer
zalahen thovul vabahel dazawan.
z-Alahen | th-MAY-find-out | v-punch | d-Azawan
5. Azawan may be crying — who knows.
Show answer
zazawan thovur vagahul.
z-Azawan | th-MAY-who-knows | v-cry
6. Azawan thinks. (deliberate event, not MAY)
Show answer
zazawan vevegal.
z-Azawan | v-think
7. Alahen may be fighting.
Show answer
zalahen thovum vavadal.
z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-fight
8. Could Ahaben be screaming? (yes/no; could be; default)
Show answer
yol zahaben thovum vezugel.
y-question | z-Ahaben | th-MAY | v-scream
Agazan → English
1. zalahen thovum vezebel bahaben.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-tell | b-Ahaben
Alahen may be telling Ahaben.
2. zazawan thovum vahahal dalahen.
Show answer
z-Azawan | th-MAY | v-see | d-Alahen
Azawan may be seeing Alahen.
3. zahaben thovul vedabal dazawan.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-MAY-find-out | v-departure | d-Azawan
Ahaben may be leaving Azawan — I'll find out.
4. zalahen vevegal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | v-think Alahen thinks. (an event of thinking, not MAY)
5. zazawan thovur vezugel.
Show answer
z-Azawan | th-MAY-who-knows | v-scream
Azawan may be screaming — who knows.
6. yol zalahen thovum vabahel dazawan.
Show answer
y-question | z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-punch | d-Azawan Could Alahen be punching Azawan? (could be; default)
7. zalahen thovul vavadal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-MAY-find-out | v-fight
Alahen may be fighting — I'll find out.
8. zahaben thovum vagahul.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-MAY | v-cry
Ahaben may be crying.
Intermediate
Evidentiality
English often says how you know a claim (I saw it, I heard, I figured). Agazan keeps the ordinary content verb and adds a closed /th/ mood word. That word is the channel the claim came through, so the same walk or sleep can sit under a live look, memory, a recording, a pattern of cases, clues, hearsay, a gut sense, or a tale. The channel roots stay ordinary content under other role letters (vodol to attest, davol a theater); only the /th/ word is the mood.
Verbs have no past or future letter. Some channels already locate the event because of how you know: LIVE is watching while the scene is still in view; WITNESSED is memory of watching; RECORDED is playback of a capture, or a schedule. There is no forecast word: a claim that something will happen is a channel plus the later offset bral (forecasts), so a forecast always says how you know. PLAN is intention, not a forecast. Other evidentials do not move the event; add a when-frame (before / after / while, a clock or date, or a signed offset on the channel) when inference or hearsay needs a different time than this stretch.
zazawan thodom vowogal.z-Azawan | th-LIVE | v-walk
"Azawan walks — live / from the scene."
zazawan thevom vowogal.z-Azawan | th-WITNESSED | v-walk
"Azawan walks — from memory (a past observation)."
For could be (no channel), use: MAY (ovu). English I think as a guess with a warrant belongs in this inventory, or as a bare report. This inventory is how you know a world-claim.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
thodom | firsthand / concurrent channel | live / from the scene | odol attest | 👁️🗨️: seeing-and-saying while it is in view |
thevom | firsthand / reconstructive channel | from memory (past observation) | evol fishing | 🎣: you pull something back |
therem | documented / captured / scheduled channel | on record / playback / scheduled | erel record | ⏺️: what was saved plays back |
thobam | regularity / similar cases | from the pattern | obal paw-prints | 🐾: cases left behind |
thunem | reasoned from clues | inferred | unel investigate | 🕵️: you work the clues |
thewam | someone said so | so they say / hearsay | ewal ear | 👂: you heard it told |
thahom | gut / body knowing | felt | ahol heart | ❤️: knowing in the body |
thozem | narrative / lore / anecdotal framing | per the tale | ozel scroll | 📜: a story you tell |
Pick one evidential root for how you know.
zalahen therem vezebal.z-Alahen | th-RECORDED | v-sleep
"Alahen sleeps — on record."
zalahen thewam varadal.z-Alahen | th-TOLD | v-write
"Alahen writes — so they say."
A tale sets its own now. Once a sentence frames the passage with TALE (thozem), later sentences in the same turn with no channel go on telling the tale, in the tale's now, until another channel or a new turn. A quote inside the tale keeps its speaker's own now.
zazawan thozem vowogal. zazawan vehahel.z-Azawan | th-STORY | v-walk . z-Azawan | v-sit
"Azawan walked, so the tale goes. Azawan sat."
Compare with: seeing as an action uses ordinary vahahal. thodom is how you know (the walk is in view now), not the verb see. Fear or hope uses emotion compose. thahom is a way of knowing, not that stack. thewam is someone said so about the claim; hearing a door as an action is ordinary /v/.
Related form: to deny only the channel (it happened, but I did not see it), close the evidential with a stance join (taught later). Two channels you cannot choose between use the same kind of join.
Evidence strength
The ending on a channel says how strong the evidence is: how much the claim rests on, not how likely the event is. Use -m by default. Use -l when the evidence is solid and -r when it is thin. Likelihood is a separate stance number (th+70), so a strong pattern can still give middling odds, and a rumor can claim certainty.
| Channel | -l strong | -m (default) | -r weak |
|---|---|---|---|
| LIVE | thodol a clear, full view | thodom | thodor a glimpse |
| WITNESSED | thevol a vivid memory | thevom | thevor a hazy memory |
| RECORDED | therel an authoritative record or official schedule | therem | therer an unofficial or partial record |
| PATTERN | thobal a well-established pattern | thobam | thobar a few cases |
| INFERRED | thunel strong clues | thunem | thuner a weak clue |
| TOLD | thewal a reliable source | thewam | thewar a rumor |
| FELT | thahol a strong gut sense | thahom | thahor a faint hunch |
| TALE | thozel established lore | thozem | thozer a loose anecdote |
zalahen thewar vedabal.z-Alahen | th-TOLD.weak | v-departure
"Rumor has it Alahen left."
zazawan thevol vowogal.z-Azawan | th-WITNESSED.strong | v-walk
"Azawan walked — I remember it clearly."
Second-hand and further (th#N)
A channel says how you know; it does not say how many retellings stand between the source and you. A stance number with the rank marker adds that: th#N (from 2) is N-th hand, so thredul (th#2) is told by someone who was there, and threrel (th#3) is told by someone who was told. Put it after the channel. (cue: e ≈ order, the place in the chain of tellers)
zalahen thewam threrel vedabal.z-Alahen | th-TOLD | th-3rd-hand | v-departure
"Alahen left, so they say — third-hand."
Alone, th#N already says the claim was passed on to you. After TOLD it only adds the depth. First-hand has no number: that is a channel (thodom, thevom). The usual endings apply: -m about N-th hand (threrem), -r with a digit the same depth as before (threrer). Digitless threr under a question asks how many hands?
Compare with: th_N names which numbered source the claim rests on; th#N counts how many tellers. Reliability of the one source you heard from is the ending on the channel (thewal / thewar).
Mirative (thezum)
English it turns out, to my surprise, and so … after all say the news ran against what you expected. Put thezum on the clause. It is not a channel: it says nothing about how you know, so add a channel beside it when you want to name the warrant.
zalahen thezum vedabal.z-Alahen | th-MIRATIVE | v-departure
"Alahen left, it turns out."
The ending says how firm the expectation was that the news overturned. If you do not know, use -m.
| Agazan | Use | English | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
thezul | it overturns a firm expectation | astonishingly, I never expected that | -l ≈ the expectation was locked in |
thezum | it runs against what you expected (default) | it turns out, surprisingly | -m ≈ the ordinary case |
thezur | it runs against a loose expectation | oh, as it happens | -r ≈ a passing guess |
zalahen thodom thezul vowogal.z-Alahen | th-LIVE | th-MIRATIVE.firm | v-walk
"Alahen is walking, I see it, and I never expected that."
The mirative says only that the news was unexpected, not whether it is good or bad. To say how it lands, add a feeling: the mirative after gobum says the stimulus was unexpected.
zebel wanathamar gobum thezum.[z-present | [w-relatedness-met-any-term-INTERNAL-SURGING | g-stimulus]] | th-MIRATIVE
"Pleasantly surprised by the present."
Compare with: even on the including hook (wezum al) singles out the one unexpected member of a set. thezum says the whole claim was unexpected.
Forecasts (bral)
Agazan has no will word for the world. To say something will happen, use a channel and put the later offset bral right after it: a /b/ number with a plus sign and no digits, meaning some time after now. The channel says what the forecast rests on, so a forecast cannot hide its warrant. For a hunch, the honest channel is FELT. The mirror brul is some time before now, for a past claim with no measured amount.
thobam bral verehel.[th-PATTERN | b-later] | v-rain
"It will rain (going by the pattern)."
zalahen thahor bral vedabal.z-Alahen | [th-FELT.weak | b-later] | v-departure
"I have a faint hunch Alahen will leave."
zazawan therel bral vezebel.z-Azawan | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-later] | v-tell
"Azawan is officially scheduled to speak."
In a question, the channel asks for the listener's warrant: going by the pattern you see, will it rain? The listener answers with that channel or names a different one. Pick the channel you expect them to have: INFERRED (thunem) when they would work it out from clues, RECORDED (therem) when there is a schedule.
yol thobam bral verehel.y-question | [th-PATTERN | b-later] | v-rain
"Will it rain, going by the pattern?"
On a feeling (a sake word with a locus and a motion ending, before gobum), the channel and offset date the stimulus. On a feeling with no object, they date a stimulus you leave unnamed. The feeling itself stays now; to date a stance, use stance as-of.
Compare with: PLAN (thamam) says what someone intends to do; it needs no channel. A forecast is a claim about the world. To say how much later (in three hours), replace bral with a measured dated channel (Advanced). Could be with no warrant is MAY, not a forecast.
Evidence clause (barl)
English judging by, going by, and given that name the grounds for a claim: the fact that tells you it holds. Two channels reason from grounds: INFERRED (thunem, from clues) and PATTERN (thobam, from cases that repeat). Either one takes barl as its /b/. The main sentence stops after barl, and the next sentence is the grounds (dependent clauses). You state the claim, the strength of your grounds, and the grounds themselves in one sentence.
zalahen vabahel thunem barl zazawan vezugel.z-Alahen | v-punch | [th-INFERRED | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | v-scream
"Alahen punched, judging by the fact that Azawan is screaming."
The grounds are what you go by, so the claim comes first in your mind and the grounds second. That is the reverse of cause. In thevem barl the clause after barl is what brought the claim about; here it is only how you know the claim.
zazawan vezugel thevem barl zalahen vabahel.z-Azawan | v-scream | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-punch
"Azawan screams because Alahen punches."
| You say | The clause after barl is | Form |
|---|---|---|
| what made it happen | the cause | thevem barl |
| what has to hold for it to happen | the condition | thoyem barl / tholum barl / thedam barl |
| how you know it happened | your grounds | thunem barl / thobam barl |
The ending on the channel grades the grounds (evidence strength): -l for strong clues or a well-established pattern, -m by default, -r for a weak clue or a few cases. A strong inference is as close as Agazan gets to it follows that.
verehel thunel barl zagavul gegeval.v-rain | [th-INFERRED.strong | b-that-clause] | [z-cloud | g-gray]
"It is raining, judging by the gray clouds (strong clues)."
For a forecast, keep the offset and put barl after it. The pattern is what you go by, and the grounds clause says what you see now.
verehel thobal bral barl zagavul gegeval.v-rain | [th-PATTERN.strong | [b-later | b-that-clause]] | [z-cloud | g-gray]
"It will rain, going by the well-established pattern, given the gray clouds."
You assert the grounds, the way you assert a cause. If you are not sure of them, say so inside the grounds clause with its own channel:
zalahen vabahel thunem barl zazawan thodom vezugel.z-Alahen | v-punch | [th-INFERRED | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | th-LIVE | v-scream
"Alahen punched, judging by the fact that Azawan is screaming (I am watching)."
Compare with: the other channels keep a noun in /b/ as their source (thunem bazawan per Azawan), and none of them takes barl. A cause or condition word may not come before the channel. Put the channel first (thunem thevem barl) to say both that you inferred it and that it was caused. Could be with no grounds is MAY.
Live vs memory
thodom is watching now: you still have access to the scene. thevom is remembered watching: you pull the episode back, and it may not be what you hoped (a fishing line can come up with a boot). Do not stack the two. English I witnessed for a remembered event is thevom, not LIVE.
zazawan thevom vahahal dubudal.z-Azawan | th-WITNESSED | v-see | d-boot
"Azawan saw a boot — as I remember it."
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
thodom | concurrent / in-view observation | live / from the scene | odol attest | 👁️🗨️: seeing-and-saying while it is in view |
thevom | reconstructive / recalled observation | I remember / from memory | evol fishing | 🎣: retrieval from the water |
therem | documented / captured past | on record / according to… | erel record | ⏺️: playback archive |
Residue and former climate
English has walked and used to walk often smuggle when the event sits. Agazan already places events with before / after / while, a clock or date, LIVE / WITNESSED, or a forecast. These two /th/ moods do not locate time. They say how the episode stands: whether an outcome still counts on the current tally, or whether a usual pattern is not the climate you are claiming now. Stack them with a channel or a when-frame; do not use them as a past or present letter.
RESIDUE (amo) marks leftover balance: the result is still on the books (an unpaid tab, a door that is still shut). Skipping it means you are not claiming current residue (archived, or a fresh event with nothing left to count). Ordinary zamom is still debt.
zalahen thamom vedabal.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | v-departure
"Alahen’s leaving still counts." — the outcome remains on the tally
zalahen thevom thamom vedabal.z-Alahen | th-WITNESSED | th-RESIDUE | v-departure
"Alahen’s leaving still counts — from memory."
zalahen thodom thamom vedabal.z-Alahen | th-LIVE | th-RESIDUE | v-departure
"Alahen’s leaving still counts — live / from the scene." (the leftover is in view)
Compare with: after (henum boyel) orders two events. thamom does not say the leaving was earlier; it says the outcome still counts. LIVE is how you know, not leftover balance. A result as a property can stay ordinary /ɡ/ (the door is shut) with no residue word.
FORMER (eno) marks former climate: this verb-claim is usual weather that you are not giving as today’s report. Always hual is still the current climate (exceptions listed), and open huam is usually. Ordinary zenom is still emptiness.
zazawan hual vezebel thenom.z-Azawan | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER
"Azawan always tells — a former pattern, not today's."
zazawan hual vezebel thenom thodom.z-Azawan | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER | th-LIVE
"Azawan always tells — a former pattern, not today's; seen live." (the scene is in view, and the pattern is still not today's)
zazawan hual vezebel thenom thobam bral.z-Azawan | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER | [th-PATTERN | b-later]
"Azawan always tells — a pattern that will be former by then (forecast from the pattern)."
Compare with: hual without thenom is always as the weather you stand behind now. PATTERN thobam is how you know (a trail of cases), not “this used to be my weather.” Do not write thenom immediately before hual: that slot is the restrictor’s occasion list (always except when…). Keep hual first (bare always), then FORMER after the verb, the way a channel does on a general claim. thenom is not a past tense: it is legal under LIVE and in a forecast.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
thamom | outcome still on the current tally | still counts / residue | amom debt | 💰: unpaid balance still on the books |
thenom | not the climate claimed now | former climate | enom emptiness | 🪹: the nesting season is over |
Prefer floating /th/. Use /w/ only when the standing grades the /ɡ/ adjective it sits immediately before. The overlay ending stays -m.
Already, still, not yet, no longer
English already, still, not yet, and no longer do not place an event in time. Each compares what is true now with a change: has it come, or not? That is a question of standing, like RESIDUE, so Agazan uses four /h/ words, not a tense. (cue: each root pictures the stage the change is at)
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hoham | the change has happened | already | ohal hatch | 🐣: the chick is already out |
hagem | the state goes on | still | agel anchor | ⚓: the ship is held where it was |
huzem | the change is expected but has not come | not yet | uzel seedling | 🌱: not grown yet |
hewem | the state has stopped | no longer / not anymore | ewel wilt | 🥀: no longer fresh |
zazawan hagem vowogal.z-Azawan | h-still | v-walk
"Azawan is still walking."
zazawan huzem vowogal.z-Azawan | h-not-yet | v-walk
"Azawan hasn't walked yet."
zazawan hewem vowogal ol bahazal.z-Azawan | h-no-longer | v-walk | [at | b-house]
"Azawan doesn't walk at the house anymore."
The ending says how settled the current stage is, on the same strong-to-light scale as DECISION. Use -m when it could change back, or when you do not know. Use -l when it is not expected to. Use -r when it holds only for now: it is likely to change back soon, or, on not yet, the change may never come.
| Agazan | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
hohal | done, and it will stay done | already, for good |
hagel | goes on, with no end in sight | still, and it will keep on |
huzel | not yet, but it is sure to come | not yet, but it will |
hewel | stopped, and it will not come back | never again |
hohar | done, but likely to come undone | already, for now |
hager | goes on, but about to end | still, for now |
huzer | not yet, and it may never come | not yet, maybe never |
hewer | stopped for now; expected to resume | paused / not for now |
zalahen hohal vedabal.z-Alahen | h-already.lasting | v-departure
"Alahen has already left, for good."
zazawan hewer vowogal.z-Azawan | h-no-longer.for-now | v-walk
"Azawan has stopped walking for now." — a pause, not quitting (
hewel)
When only one /ɡ/ adjective is still or no longer so, write the same word under /w/ immediately before that adjective.
zazawan dagadul wagem gubuhel vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-cat | [w-still | g-blue]] | v-see
"Azawan sees a cat that is still blue."
Compare with: RESIDUE thamom says a finished outcome still counts on the tally, not that the act goes on. FORMER thenom retires a usual pattern; hewem says any state or act has stopped.
Ever / never
English has ever / has never asks whether something happened at least once, at no particular time. Use already hoham with sometimes har (restrictors): the change has come, on some unnamed occasion. For has never, use bare hal (never).
zazawan hoham vezewel har.z-Azawan | h-already | v-swim | h-sometimes
"Azawan has swum at some point."
zazawan vezewel hal.z-Azawan | v-swim | h-never
"Azawan has never swum."
Notional (as-if framing)
English sometimes frames the whole clause as play: as if, for the sake of argument, this is only in the mind. Agazan keeps the ordinary verb and adds the closed /th/ word avo. That word takes the scene off the real tally, so you can tell a pretend walk without turning walk into a special pretend-verb. (cue: 🎭 theater: a stage mask; the real tally stays offstage)
zazawan thavom vowogal.z-Azawan | th-NOTIONAL | v-walk
"As if Azawan walks." — notional framing held lightly (default)
For could be, use: MAY. As if play is this section. Walks like a duck keeps the walk on the real tally (simile humum); only the manner matches the model. Tells on behalf of Alahen stays on the real tally (proxy hadem); Azawan is still the teller.
Related form: a percent likelihood on the claim is the stance number th+N.
Hold endings (NOTIONAL)
You can rehearse an imagined scene to prepare for doing it, picture it without a special purpose, or just toy with a what if. NOTIONAL keeps the clause in that imagined frame; its ending says how much weight the frame carries. The endings follow PLAN (atlas / itinerary / sketch): -l is the most committed to action, -m the default, and -r the lightest. -n is ordinary proper.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
thavol | rehearse a possible scene to prepare for action | let’s practice… / try acting as if… | avol theater | 🎭: practice a scene |
thavom | imagine a scene without a further purpose (default) | imagine… / as if… | avol theater | 🎭: picture a scene |
thavor | toy with a possibility or assumption, for now | suppose… / what if…? | avol theater | 🎭: try on a mask for a moment |
When you are not sure, use thavom.
zahaben thavol vezehel.z-Ahaben | th-NOTIONAL-rehearse | v-sing
"Ahaben practices singing." — rehearsing the imagined scene
zazawan thavor varadal.z-Azawan | th-NOTIONAL-suppose | v-write
"Suppose Azawan writes." — toying with an assumption
Channels as comparison bars
A channel can also be the bar of a rank join: written right before zel / zuel / zael, it is what you expected by that channel, not how you know the claim. The same word after the fence goes back to being the claim's channel.
zazawan thobam zel gezebul.[z-Azawan | th-PATTERN | z-rank/more | g-sleepy]
"Azawan is sleepier than usual."
zazawan zel gezebul thobam.[z-Azawan | z-rank/more | g-sleepy] | th-PATTERN
"Azawan is the sleepiest, going by the pattern."
| Channel as the bar | Ranks against | English |
|---|---|---|
LIVE thodom | how it looks | than it looks |
WITNESSED thevom | how you remember it | than I remember |
RECORDED therem | the record or the schedule | than scheduled |
PATTERN thobam | the trail of cases | than usual |
INFERRED thunem | what was worked out | than calculated |
TOLD thewam | what was said | than advertised |
FELT thahom | your gut expectation | than I expected |
STORY thozem | the tales | than the stories say |
FORMER thenom | how it used to be | than it used to be |
NOTIONAL thavom | the imagined case | than imagined |
MAY and MIRATIVE set no value, so neither is a bar.
Channels after uem
A channel can also follow the hook uem, the same way as a ban or a plan (contrary to a stance). The pair says the event goes against what that channel told you: contrary to what I was told, against my gut. The channel then says nothing about how you know the claim.
zazawan vowogal uem thewam.z-Azawan | v-walk | [contrary-to | th-TOLD]
"Azawan walks, contrary to what I was told."
zazawan vowogal uem thahom.z-Azawan | v-walk | [contrary-to | th-FELT]
"Azawan walks, against my gut."
After uem | Goes against | English |
|---|---|---|
LIVE thodom | how it looks | contrary to appearances |
WITNESSED thevom | how you remember it | contrary to what I remember |
RECORDED therem | the record or the schedule | contrary to the record / off schedule |
PATTERN thobam | the trail of cases | contrary to habit / unusually |
INFERRED thunem | what was worked out | contrary to my calculations |
TOLD thewam | what was said | contrary to what I was told |
FELT thahom | your gut expectation | against my gut |
STORY thozem | the tales | contrary to legend |
MIRATIVE already says the claim ran against what you expected, so it does not follow uem. MAY, NOTIONAL, RESIDUE, and FORMER do not either: none of them is something the event could go against.
Compare with: zazawan thezum vowogal. says the walking surprised you. zazawan vowogal uem thahom. says your gut expected otherwise, whether or not the news surprised you.
Translation practice
Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer. Write a channel or NOTIONAL, and when the prompt asks, RESIDUE, FORMER, or MIRATIVE.
Setting: a press conference
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as |
|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | |
| Alahen | alahen | |
| Ahaben | ahaben | |
| tell | vezebel | ezebel speech |
| see | vahahal | ahahal eye |
| camera | agahol | |
| newspaper | unuzel | |
| radio | eredel | |
| mute | vamuyul | |
| sing | vezehel | |
| departure | vedabal | |
| punch | vabahel | |
| scream | vezugel | |
| MAY | thovum | ovul thought |
| live / from the scene | thodom | odol attest |
| WITNESSED | thevom | evol fishing |
| RECORDED | therem | erel record |
| PATTERN | thobam | obal paw-prints |
| inferred | thunem | unel investigate |
| TOLD | thewam | ewal ear |
| felt | thahom | ahol heart |
| STORY | thozem | ozel scroll |
| NOTIONAL | thavom | avol theater |
| RESIDUE | thamom | amom debt |
| FORMER | thenom | enom emptiness |
| MIRATIVE | thezum | ezul surprise |
| always | hual | |
| TOLD.weak | thewar | ewal ear |
| PATTERN.strong | thobal | obal paw-prints |
| RECORDED.strong | therel | erel record |
| rain | verehel | erehel rain |
| cloud | zagavul | agavul cloud |
| gray | gegeval | egeval gray |
English → Agazan
1. Azawan tells Ahaben — live / from the scene. (present observation)
Show answer
zazawan thodom vezebel bahaben.
z-Azawan | th-LIVE | v-tell | b-Ahaben
2. Alahen sees a camera — from memory (past observation).
Show answer
zalahen thevom vahahal dagahol.
z-Alahen | th-WITNESSED | v-see | d-camera
3. Ahaben tells Azawan — on record.
Show answer
zahaben therem vezebel bazawan.
z-Ahaben | th-RECORDED | v-tell | b-Azawan
4. Azawan sees a newspaper — from the pattern of cases.
Show answer
zazawan thobam vahahal dunuzel.
z-Azawan | th-PATTERN | v-see | d-newspaper
5. Alahen mutes — so they say. (hearsay)
Show answer
zalahen thewam vamuyul.
z-Alahen | th-TOLD | v-mute
6. Alahen punches Azawan — inferred from clues.
Show answer
zalahen thunem vabahel dazawan.
z-Alahen | th-INFERRED | v-punch | d-Azawan
7. As if Azawan tells Ahaben. (soft pretensive frame)
Show answer
zazawan thavom vezebel bahaben.
z-Azawan | th-NOTIONAL | v-tell | b-Ahaben
8. Imagine Alahen screaming. (no special purpose)
Show answer
zalahen thavom vezugel.
z-Alahen | th-NOTIONAL | v-scream
9. Azawan tells Ahaben — live; the telling still counts.
Show answer
zazawan thodom thamom vezebel bahaben.
z-Azawan | th-LIVE | th-RESIDUE | v-tell | b-Ahaben
10. Alahen always tells — a former pattern, not today's; seen live.
Show answer
zalahen hual vezebel thenom thodom.
z-Alahen | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER | th-LIVE
11. Ahaben still screams — seen live.
Show answer
zahaben thodom hagem vezugel.
z-Ahaben | th-LIVE | h-still | v-scream
12. Alahen screams — rumor has it.
Show answer
zalahen thewar vezugel.
z-Alahen | th-TOLD.weak | v-scream
13. Going by a well-established pattern, Azawan will tell Ahaben.
Show answer
zazawan thobal bral vezebel bahaben.
z-Azawan | [th-PATTERN.strong | b-later] | v-tell | b-Ahaben
14. Alahen punched, judging by the fact that Azawan screams.
Show answer
zalahen vabahel thunem barl zazawan vezugel.
z-Alahen | v-punch | [th-INFERRED | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | v-scream
15. Azawan screams because Alahen punches.
Show answer
zazawan vezugel thevem barl zalahen vabahel.
z-Azawan | v-scream | [th-because | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-punch
16. Alahen sings, it turns out — seen live.
Show answer
zalahen thodom thezum vezehel.
z-Alahen | th-LIVE | th-MIRATIVE | v-sing
17. Alahen screams — so they say, third-hand.
Show answer
zalahen thewam threrel vezugel.
z-Alahen | th-TOLD | th-3rd-hand | v-scream
Agazan → English
1. zazawan thahom vezebel bahaben.
Show answer
z-Azawan | th-FELT | v-tell | b-Ahaben
Azawan tells Ahaben — felt / gut-known.
2. zalahen thozem vahahal deredel.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-STORY | v-see | d-radio
Alahen sees a radio — per the tale.
3. zahaben thunem vamuyul.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-INFERRED | v-mute
Ahaben mutes — inferred from clues.
4. zahaben thavol vezehel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-NOTIONAL-rehearse | v-sing
Ahaben practices singing.
5. zalahen therem vahahal dagahol.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-RECORDED | v-see | d-camera
Alahen sees a camera — on record.
6. zahaben thevom vezebel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-WITNESSED | v-tell
Ahaben tells — from memory (a past observation).
7. zalahen thodom vabahel dazawan.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-LIVE | v-punch | d-Azawan
Alahen punches Azawan — live / from the scene.
8. zahaben thovum vezugel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-MAY | v-scream Ahaben may be screaming. (could be — not how you know a world-claim)
9. zahaben thevom thamom vezebel bazawan.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-WITNESSED | th-RESIDUE | v-tell | b-Azawan
Ahaben tells Azawan — from memory; the telling still counts.
10. zazawan hual vezebel thenom.
Show answer
z-Azawan | h-always | v-tell | th-FORMER
Azawan always tells — a former pattern, not today's.
11. zalahen huzel vedabal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | h-not-yet.lasting | v-departure
Alahen hasn't left yet, but will.
12. zahaben therel bral vezebel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-later] | v-tell
Ahaben is officially scheduled to speak.
13. verehel thobal bral barl zagavul gegeval.
Show answer
v-rain | [th-PATTERN.strong | [b-later | b-that-clause]] | [z-cloud | g-gray]
It will rain, going by the well-established pattern, given the gray clouds.
14. zahaben thredul vezebel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-2nd-hand | v-tell
Ahaben tells — second-hand.
Advanced
Mood on one adjective
These /th/ moods usually sit over the whole clause. When the could be, channel, residue / former climate, or as-if frame applies only to the /ɡ/ adjective it sits immediately before, write the same mood under /w/ instead.
zazawan wevom gubuhel vowogal.[z-Azawan | [w-WITNESSED | g-blue]] | v-walk
"Azawan walks — and that blue is from memory."
zazawan wodom gubuhel vowogal.[z-Azawan | [w-LIVE | g-blue]] | v-walk
"Azawan walks — and that blue is from the scene (live)."
Dated channel (signed offset)
English three hours ago and in three hours count from now. Agazan counts from the channel instead: put a measure phrase in /b/ immediately after the evidential. The amount is signed: - is earlier than now, + is later than now. The offset always dates the event, not the moment you learned about it. There is no bare ago word, so a dated claim always says how you know it.
zazawan thevom bagazem grurel vowogal.z-Azawan | [th-WITNESSED | [b-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-walk"I saw Azawan walk three hours ago."
zalahen thewam bagazem grarel vedabal.z-Alahen | [th-TOLD | [b-hour | g-three]] | v-departure"I hear Alahen leaves in three hours."
Some channels only point one way:
| Channel | Sign | Why |
|---|---|---|
thevom WITNESSED | - only | you already observed it |
thodom LIVE | no offset | the scene is in view now |
therem RECORDED | - or + | -: captured then; +: scheduled for then |
thobam PATTERN | - or + | -: it happened then, if the pattern held; +: it will, if the pattern holds |
thunem INFERRED, thewam TOLD, thahom FELT, thozem TALE | - or + | the channel does not fix the time |
PLAN thamam | + only | the intended act is later |
The wrong sign on a one-way word (thevom with +, thamam with -) is not a sentence.
A signed measure in the /b/ of a time pole (homam until, homal by, habam before, henum after, huwem during) counts from now, the same way. The pole itself needs no channel, but its clause must already be a command, a request, or a plan, or carry a channel. So a command or a plan can name a day without saying how anyone knows, while a plain statement cannot use a pole to slip in a past or future with no warrant. An absolute date in the pole (homam b_#22,7) needs none of this.
yel zehodon vaheham homam bazazam grawol.y-command | z-listener | v-confidentiality | [h-until | [b-day | g-one]]"Keep the secret until tomorrow."
For just and about to, use the just-short amount with no unit: brubul is a hair before now, brabul is a hair after now.
zazawan thevom brubul vowogal.z-Azawan | [th-WITNESSED | b---e-] | v-walk"I just saw Azawan walk."
thunem brabul verehel.[th-INFERRED | b-+-e-] | v-rain"It is about to rain (from the clouds)."
For soon, soften that hair with open -m: brabum is a short while after now. It is later than about to (brabul) but still close, unlike open-ended later (bral).
thunem brabum verehel.[th-INFERRED | b-+-e-.about] | v-rain"It will rain soon (from the clouds)."
The mirror, brubum, is a short while before now: recently.
zazawan thevom brubum vowogal.z-Azawan | [th-WITNESSED | b---e-.about] | v-walk"I saw Azawan walk recently."
zalahen thobam bagazem grurel vezebal.z-Alahen | [th-PATTERN | [b-hour | g-minus-three]] | v-sleep"Going by the pattern, Alahen slept three hours ago."
A channel used as a comparison bar takes the same offset, which dates the bar: WITNESSED with a day before is than yesterday.
zazawan thevom bazazam gruwol zel gezebul.[z-Azawan | [th-WITNESSED | [b-day | g-minus-one]] | z-rank/more | g-sleepy]
"Azawan is sleepier than yesterday."
With an as-of pair, the offset counts from that whose-now instead of speech-now.
Compare with: an absolute clock or date (h_#22,7) dates the event without a channel. RESIDUE and FORMER do not locate time, so they take no offset.
Now and today
Agazan has no short now word. Say now with an offset of zero: the event sits no time away from the moment you speak. The channel stays, so now still says how you know it.
zalahen thunem bagazem grazol vezebal.z-Alahen | [th-INFERRED | [b-hour | g-zero]] | v-sleep"Alahen must be asleep right now."
The unit sets how wide now is. Zero hours is right now; zero days is today.
zazawan thewam bazazam grazol vezehel.z-Azawan | [th-TOLD | [b-day | g-zero]] | v-sing"I hear Azawan sings today."
Use zero on a channel that takes either sign. LIVE thodom already means now in view, so it needs no offset. WITNESSED takes - only and PLAN takes + only, so zero is not a sentence on them.
Whose view (holder)
English Azawan thinks…, she's upset, and he doubts it say what is in someone else's mind as if you could see it. Agazan only lets you name whose view a clause is when you also say how you know it. Glue the person onto an evidential, MAY, or NOTIONAL: keep the host's own ending letter (-l, -m, or -r) and write the holder's name straight after it, so that letter becomes the seam. The holder cannot be written any other way, so there is no holder without a warrant. (cue: the name hangs off the way you know it)
zalahen thunemazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-Azawan | v-departure
"I gather Azawan thinks Alahen left."
zalahen thewamazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-TOLD-Azawan | v-departure
"I hear Azawan thinks Alahen left."
zalahen thovumazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-MAY-Azawan | v-departure
"Maybe Azawan thinks Alahen left." — a guess about Azawan's view, marked as a guess
zalahen thavomazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-NOTIONAL-Azawan | v-departure
"Imagine it as Azawan sees it: Alahen left." — taking Azawan's point of view on purpose
The seam letter keeps its meaning: evidence strength on a channel, the hold on MAY or NOTIONAL. The name keeps its own -n at the end. -n is never a seam.
zalahen thunelazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-INFERRED.strong-Azawan | v-departure
"Strong clues say Azawan thinks Alahen left."
zalahen thewarazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-TOLD.weak-Azawan | v-departure
"Rumor has it Azawan thinks Alahen left."
The holder word ends the way a noun for that person would. -n is a name. -r resumes someone already named, which is English he / she / they. Add associative -x after the ending for the person and their associates. A kind of person on -lx is some people of that kind.
zazawan vowogal. zalahen thunemazawar vedabal.z-Azawan | v-walk . z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-←Azawan | v-departure
"Azawan walks. I gather they think Alahen left."
zalahen thunemazawanx vedabal.z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-Azawan-x | v-departure
"I gather Azawan and co. think Alahen left."
zalahen thunemobelx vedabal.z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-person-x | v-departure
"I gather some people think Alahen left."
The holder may be the topic pronoun, whoever the talk is about now, or the generic pronoun, the generic view. The generic pronoun takes no -x.
xazawan thunemozan zalahen vedabal.x-Azawan | th-INFERRED-TOPIC | z-Alahen | v-departure
"Now, about Azawan: I gather Azawan thinks Alahen left."
thunemoben zalahen vedabal.th-INFERRED-ONE | z-Alahen | v-departure
"I gather one would think Alahen left."
The seam word is yours; the rest of the clause is the holder's. The host says how you stand toward the attribution: you inferred it, heard it, guess it, or are imagining it. You claim nothing about whether the holder is right, and nothing about your own view. Everything else in the clause, wherever it sits, is the holder's:
| In the clause | With no holder | With a holder |
|---|---|---|
| The event | you assert it | what the holder takes to be so; you do not assert it |
| MAY, MIRATIVE, CAUSE poles, DECISION, prescription | yours | the holder's |
| Sake words and emotion compose, with their endings | your stake and feeling | the holder's stake and feeling |
A /ɡ/ sake's my reading (personal possession) | your belonging | the holder's belonging |
| Another evidential | how you know | how the holder knows |
The grounds after an inferring or pattern host's barl | grounds you assert | the holder's grounds; you do not assert them |
| A comparison bar | your expectation | the holder's expectation |
zumel wanathumol gobum balahen thunemazawan.[z-memo | [[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable-AIMED-STILL | g-stimulus] | b-Alahen]] | th-INFERRED-Azawan
"I gather Azawan resents Alahen about the memo, gone still." — the stake, the aim, and the stillness are Azawan's
zalahen thunemazawan thodom vedabal.z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-Azawan | th-LIVE | v-departure
"I gather Azawan saw Alahen leave." — LIVE is how Azawan knows
zalahen thezum thunemazawan vedabal.z-Alahen | th-MIRATIVE | th-INFERRED-Azawan | v-departure
"I gather Alahen's leaving surprised Azawan." — the surprise is Azawan's
A holder on a comparison bar names whose expectation you rank against. Inside the fence the seam covers only the bar: the ranking itself is still your claim.
zazawan thahomalahen zel gezebul.[z-Azawan | th-FELT-Alahen | z-rank/more | g-sleepy]
"Azawan is sleepier than Alahen expected."
A holder on a channel after uem names whose view the event goes against. The seam covers only that pair: the event is still your claim.
zazawan vowogal uem thewamalahen.z-Azawan | v-walk | [contrary-to | th-TOLD-Alahen]
"Azawan walks, contrary to what I hear Alahen thinks."
A feeling with no object works the same way: the holder makes it someone else's feeling.
thulothuruor thunemalahen.th-competence-unmet-passing-UNPLACED-SURGING | th-INFERRED-Alahen
"I gather Alahen is anxious."
Pronouns and speech moves stay yours: SELF is still you, and the sentence is still your turn. The stance is the holder's now; to date it, add stance as-of (thuhum), which then dates their stance. An evidential host keeps its hosted /b/, so thewamazawan bral is I hear Azawan expects it.
One clause, one holder. The holder covers its clause and any dependent sentence inside it; a new /x/ sentence is yours again unless it has its own seam word. A dependent with its own seam word switches holder for that sentence only. That is how you take a stance on someone else's stance: your stance in the main sentence, theirs in a dependent.
wanathum gobum zarl zalahen wanathum gobum thunemazawan.[w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable | g-stimulus] | z-that-clause | [z-Alahen | [w-relatedness-unmet-modifiable | g-stimulus]] | th-INFERRED-Azawan
"It sits badly with me that, as I gather, Alahen sits badly with Azawan."
The first sake word has no holder, so it is yours. The second is Azawan's.
Only the eight channels, MAY, and NOTIONAL take a holder: they are the ways you can have access to someone else's view. When they told you in their own words, a cite keeps their wording instead.
Compare with: being upset for Azawan is your own feeling about Azawan's stake (the ON-BEHALF locus in emotion compose); with a holder the feeling is Azawan's. On behalf of Azawan is proxy (hadem). A dictionary compound also joins with an ending letter, but it is a listed word; the holder seam is built on the spot, and only after these closed hosts.
Channels on a generalization
English always, usually, every, and never make a general claim. The universal fences (zual / zuam) and the restrictors (hual / huam / hal) already say who or when the claim covers, and their ending says how many exceptions it allows: closed -l allows none, and open -m leaves them open, as on any list (usually, as a rule). No other word is needed for the claim itself.
zazawan huam vowogal.z-Azawan | h-always.open | v-walk
"Azawan usually walks."
To say how you know the general claim, add a channel. On a clause with a universal fence or restrictor, the channel is your warrant for the whole generalization, not for one case, and its ending says how much backs it.
zazawan hual vowogal thobar.z-Azawan | h-always | v-walk | th-PATTERN.weak
"Azawan always walks, from the few cases I have seen."
zual gaxedehol vedehol thunel.[z-everything | g-agent-x-teach] | v-teach | th-INFERRED.strong
"Every teacher teaches; it follows."
zalahen hal vabahel therel bazagul.z-Alahen | h-never | v-punch | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-soccer]
"Alahen never punches, per the soccer rules."
The fence says how far the claim reaches, and the channel says what it rests on. Keep the two apart: always, as far as I have checked is closed hual with a weak channel, because you claim no exceptions on thin evidence. Open huam does not claim that: it leaves the exceptions open.
| English | Fence or restrictor | Channel | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| usually, as a rule | huam / zuam | any, or none | zazawan huam vowogal. |
| always, as far as I have checked | hual / zual | a weak channel | zazawan hual vowogal thobar. |
| it follows that every … | zual | INFERRED.strong thunel | zual gaxedehol vedehol thunel. |
| by definition | zual + thedam barl | none | zual gobel gaxedehol thedam barl zober vedehol. |
| under the rules of … | hal / hual | RECORDED with the rules in /b/ | zalahen hal vabahel therel bazagul. |
| cats are sleepy (in general) | zuam + kind | any, or none | zuam gagadul gezebul thobam. |
A cause or condition on a general claim says how things work. It holds for each member or occasion, the same way the verb does. Inside the sentence after barl, resume the kind with -r (zagadur) to mean that same one: each cat, in turn.
zual gagadul vezebal thegem thoyem barl zagadur gezebul.[z-everything | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-CAUSE | [th-if | b-that-clause] | [z-←cat | g-sleepy]
"Every cat sleeps when it is sleepy; that is how it works."
A definition works both ways: whatever has the property is that kind, and every member of the kind has it. Write it on a closed fence with thedam (if and only if, from causation). The grounds sentence is the defining property. A definition needs no channel, because it is a decision about a word, not a report about the world.
zual gobel gaxedehol thedam barl zober vedehol.[z-everything | g-person] | g-agent-x-teach | [th-iff | b-that-clause] | z-←person | v-teach
"A person is a teacher if and only if they teach (by definition)."
The channel stays on the main sentence and covers the whole generalization. Put it before the pole, as with the evidence clause: zual gagadul vezebal thobal thoyem barl … is going by a well-established pattern, every cat sleeps when ….
Compare with: a general claim you are not giving as today's report is FORMER (thenom). Every cat must sleep as a rule someone sets is REQUIRE (thumem), not a law of how things work. Maybe every cat sleeps is MAY on the same clause.
Translation practice
Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer. Score leftover against the ledger; repeat the channel. The middle items make a general claim: the fence or restrictor says how far it reaches, and a channel says what it rests on. The last items name a holder: fuse the name onto the host's ending letter.
Setting: a film archive
Roots used here:
| English | Agazan | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan | ||
| Alahen | alahen | ||
| walk | vowogal | ||
| LIVE | thodom | ||
| MAY | thovum | ||
| blue | ubuhel | ||
| always | hual | ||
| never | hal | ||
| write | varadal | ||
| sit | vehahel | ehahel chair | |
| think | vevegal | ||
| punch | vabahel | ||
| agent-teach | gaxedehol | edehol teach | |
| agent-fight | gaxavadal | avadal fight | |
| teach | vedehol | ||
| fight | vavadal | ||
| soccer | azagul | ||
| cat | agadul | ||
| sleep | vezebal | ezebal sleep | |
| sleepy | gezebul | ||
| PATTERN | thobam | obal paw-prints | |
| PATTERN.strong | thobal | obal paw-prints | |
| PATTERN.weak | thobar | obal paw-prints | |
| RECORDED.strong | therel | erel record | |
| CAUSE | thegem | ||
| if | thoyem | oyel door | |
| that-clause | barl | ||
| departure | vedabal | ||
| INFERRED | thunem | unel investigate | |
| INFERRED.strong | thunel | unel investigate | |
| TOLD | thewam | ewal ear | |
| TOLD.weak | thewar | ewal ear | |
| NOTIONAL | thavom | avol theater |
English → Agazan
1. Alahen walks — and that blue is live, from the scene itself.
Show answer
zalahen wodom gubuhel vowogal.
[z-Alahen | [w-LIVE | g-blue]] | v-walk
2. Alahen usually writes.
Show answer
zalahen huam varadal.
z-Alahen | h-always.open | v-write
3. Azawan always sits, from the few cases I have seen.
Show answer
zazawan hual vehahel thobar.
z-Azawan | h-always | v-sit | th-PATTERN.weak
4. Every teacher teaches; it follows.
Show answer
zual gaxedehol vedehol thunel.
[z-everything | g-agent-x-teach] | v-teach | th-INFERRED.strong
5. Every cat sleeps when it is sleepy; that is how it works.
Show answer
zual gagadul vezebal thegem thoyem barl zagadur gezebul.
[z-everything | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-CAUSE | [th-if | b-that-clause] | [z-←cat | g-sleepy]
6. Alahen never punches, per the soccer rules.
Show answer
zalahen hal vabahel therel bazagul.
z-Alahen | h-never | v-punch | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-soccer]
7. Cats sleep, as a rule, going by the pattern.
Show answer
zuam gagadul vezebal thobam.
[z-everything.open | g-cat] | v-sleep | th-PATTERN
8. I gather Azawan thinks Alahen left.
Show answer
zalahen thunemazawan vedabal.
z-Alahen | th-INFERRED-Azawan | v-departure
9. Rumor has it Alahen thinks Azawan sleeps.
Show answer
zazawan thewaralahen vezebal.
z-Azawan | th-TOLD.weak-Alahen | v-sleep
10. Maybe Alahen thinks Azawan might write. (the second might is Alahen's)
Show answer
zazawan thovumalahen thovum varadal.
z-Azawan | th-MAY-Alahen | th-MAY | v-write
Agazan → English
1. zazawan wovum gubuhel vowogal.
Show answer
[z-Azawan | [w-MAY | g-blue]] | v-walk
Azawan walks — and that may be blue. (only the color is open)
2. zazawan huam vehahel.
Show answer
z-Azawan | h-always.open | v-sit
Azawan usually sits.
3. zalahen hual varadal thobar.
Show answer
z-Alahen | h-always | v-write | th-PATTERN.weak
Alahen always writes, from the few cases I have seen.
4. zual gaxavadal vavadal thunel.
Show answer
[z-everything | g-agent-x-fight] | v-fight | th-INFERRED.strong
Every fighter fights; it follows.
5. zual gagadul vevegal thegem thoyem barl zagadur gezebul.
Show answer
[z-everything | g-cat] | v-think | th-CAUSE | [th-if | b-that-clause] | [z-←cat | g-sleepy]
Every cat thinks when it is sleepy; that is how it works.
6. zazawan hal vehahel therel bazagul.
Show answer
z-Azawan | h-never | v-sit | [th-RECORDED.strong | b-soccer]
Azawan never sits, per the soccer rules.
7. zuam gagadul gezebul thobal.
Show answer
[z-everything.open | g-cat] | g-sleepy | th-PATTERN.strong
Cats are sleepy, as a rule, going by a well-established pattern.
8. zalahen thunelazawan vowogal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-INFERRED.strong-Azawan | v-walk
Strong clues say Azawan thinks Alahen walks.
9. zazawan thavomalahen vehahel.
Show answer
z-Azawan | th-NOTIONAL-Alahen | v-sit
Imagine it as Alahen sees it: Azawan sits.
10. zazawan thewamalahen thodom vowogal.
Show answer
z-Azawan | th-TOLD-Alahen | th-LIVE | v-walk
I hear Alahen saw Azawan walk. (LIVE is how Alahen knows)
See also
- Sake ascription: sakes.md
- Emotion compose: sakes.md
- Plan vs forecast: intention.md
- Clock / date / when-frames: numbers-applied.md
- Habitual always: restrictors.md
- General claims and their warrant: Channels on a generalization
- Someone else's view: Whose view (holder)