Linking clauses cheat sheet

A quick look at dependents and relations. Nothing here is new: each row links to the section that teaches it. Stage: B Beginner, I Intermediate, A Advanced.

A sentence that fills a slot

Ageben has no who / that / which. For a noun, write two sentences. For a whole clause in a role, end the main sentence on a stand-in and write the clause right after it. Do not open that clause with /y/; it names its own /z/.

Stand-ins

The vowel is the kind of content, the same four vowels as the act words. -rl is the whole content, -rm leaves it open.

Stand-in	Content	-rl locked	-rm open	Stage
a	a statement	darl that …	darm that … (gist)	B
o	an instruction	dorl to …	dorm to … (open)	I
e	a question	derl whether …	derm whether … (open)	B
u	something to avoid	durl that not / lest …	durm lest … (open)	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
That-clause	zazozon vezuyol balazun darl zodozel veruvol.	Azozon tells Alazun that the dog runs.	B
Whether	zazozon vayebel derl zalazun vowurol.	Azozon sees whether Alazun walks.	B
Told to	zazozon vezuyol balazun dorl vehohel.	Azozon tells Alazun to sit.	I
Told not to	zazozon vezuyol balazun durl vehohel.	Azozon tells Alazun not to sit.	I
Own subject, no one told	zazozon valom dorl zazozon vehohel.	Azozon wishes to sit.	I
Join inside the clause: xel	zazozon vayebel derl zalazun vowurol xel zahelan veruvol.	Azozon sees whether Alazun walks or Ahelan runs.	I

The vowels match the act words: yal statement, yol command, yel question, yul avoid.

Drop the inner /z/ only after dorl / dorm or durl / durm filling /d/, when the outer sentence has one plain /b/ (the person told). Everywhere else, write it. The clause runs to the end of the written sentence.

Pointing back

-rth points back at content already said, so nothing follows it. The vowel picks the kind, and the word stands for the most recent content of that kind.

Stand-in	Points back to	English	Stage
darth	the last statement	so / that	I
derth	the last question	that question	I
dorth	the last instruction	that (instruction)	I
durth	the last not / lest content	not (I hope not)	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Say so	zalazun vehohel. zazozon vezuyol darth.	Alazun sits. Azozon says so.	I

Other role letters work the same: blarth after a pole, zarth as the subject. No stand-in on /ɡ/, /h/, /w/, or /th/.

Verbs and subjects that take a sentence

-rn (or -n after two vowels) is a fixed word for that kind of content. On /v/ the next sentence is the content.

Ageben	Takes	English	Stage
varn	a statement	state…	A
vern	a question	question…	A
vorn	an instruction	command…	A
vurn	something to avoid	prohibit…	A
vaon	accepts a statement	confirm that…	A
vuon	rejects a statement	deny that…	A
vaen	accepts a proposed action	agree to…	A
vuen	rejects a proposed action	decline to…	A
vuan	rejects the premise	dispute the premise that…	A

Job	Example	English	Stage
Confirm	zazozon vaon zalazun vehohel.	Azozon confirms that Alazun sits.	A
Decline	zazozon vuen zazozon vehohel.	Azozon declines to sit.	A
It is … that	gamahum zarl zazozon vowurol.	It is hard for Azozon to walk.	A
Nested	zazozon guzemel thahum blarl zalazun vowurol thahum blarl zahelan vezuvel.	Azozon is sleepy because Alazun walks because Ahelan sleeps. (Ahelan's sleep is why Alazun walks)	A

Times with a noun

Put an event or period in a bl- word after the time pole. Until: lasts up to the endpoint; by: done at the endpoint or sooner. On a noun, swap /h/ for /ɡ/.

Job	Example	English	Stage
During	zazozon vowurol herom blanulul.	Azozon walks during the thunderstorm.	B
After	zazozon vehohel halam blanulul.	Azozon sits after the thunderstorm.	B
By	zazozon vowurol huvahum blanulul.	Azozon walks by the time of the thunderstorm. (done no later than that)	B
A noun in time	zalazun dowurol galam blanulul vayebel.	Alazun sees the walk after the thunderstorm. (after the thunderstorm says which walk)	I

On a noun: gerom during, gabam before, galam after, garum until, guvahum by. Since is from on a time.

Because, if, although

A pole names the link and takes the stand-in blarl as its /b/. Keep the pair last, then the dependent sentence. Poles use the abstract -m. Because and if are stance, so /th/; the rest describe the event, so /h/. A noun in /b/ in place of blarl works too (despite Alazun); on a noun, swap the letter to /ɡ/.

Ageben	English	Stage
thahum blarl	because	B
thohem blarl	if	B
thebem blarl	only if	B
thehom blarl	if and only if	B
hezem blarl	although / even though	B
herom blarl	while	B
harum blarl	until	B
huvahum blarl	by the time	B
habam blarl	before	B
halam blarl	after	B
hovam blarl	so that / in order to	B

Job	Example	English	Stage
Because	zazozon vozuyel thahum blarl zalazun vowurol.	Azozon sings because Alazun walks.	B
If, on a command	yol vowurol thohem blarl zalazun vehohel.	If Alazun sits, walk.	B
Despite, with a noun	zazozon vowurol hezem blalazun.	Azozon walks despite Alazun.	B
So that	zazozon vowurol hovam blarl zalazun vehohel.	Azozon walks so that Alazun sits.	B
In order to: name the doer again	zazozon vowurol hovam blarl zazozon vehohel.	Azozon walks in order to sit.	B
So as not to: blurl for blarl	zazozon vowurol hovam blurl zazozon vehohel.	Azozon walks so as not to sit.	I
Unless: blurl for blarl	zazozon vowurol thohem blurl zalazun vezuvel.	Azozon walks unless Alazun sleeps.	I
So … that: the result happened	zazozon welazem gadamul hahom blarl zazozor vezuvel.	Azozon is so tired that they sleep.	I
As soon as	zazozon vowurol wadurom halam blarl zalazun vehohel.	Azozon walks as soon as Alazun sits.	B

Keep the same speech move going

A linker is an /x/ word that opens the next sentence under the same speech act, with no act word of its own. Linkers use the abstract -m. Any other /x/ word sets the topic. A linker and a topic word do not share a sentence.

English	Ageben	Stage
therefore	xahom	B
however	xezem	I
meanwhile	xugorom	I
next: clears the topic	xevewom	I
but: a harder push-back than however	xugohum	I
by the way: clears the topic	xavedam	I

Three take -l for a firm link.

Ageben	Use	English	Stage
xahol	the next claim follows necessarily	it follows that	I
xezel	the contrast stands	nevertheless / even so	I
xugohul	the last claim is blocked and replaced	on the contrary	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Therefore	zodozel vowurol. xahom zogozel veruvol.	A dog walks. Therefore a cat runs.	B
On the contrary	zalazun vezuvel vul. xugohul zalazun veruvol.	Alazun isn't sleeping. On the contrary, Alazun is running.	I
Topic, then linker	xazozon. xezem zalazun veruvol.	Now, about Azozon. However, Alazun runs.	I
Linker in a new turn	yem xevewom zawan vowurol.	So, do you want to walk?	I

Linkers come only at the start of a sentence. They never follow a clause join and never open the sentence after a stand-in. Writing and speech rhythm for all of these is one table.

Hosted relations

The relation word takes the other noun as a bl- word right after it. Use /h/ on an event and /ɡ/ on a noun, and an optional /w/ degree word right before the relation word. With no bl- word after a joined subject, the other members are the target (alike).

Like, for, on behalf of

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
hewem / gewem	resemblance to a model	like	B
hewel / gewel	an exact match	exactly like	I
heham / geham	the other side of a swap	in exchange for	B
hanem / ganem	authorized agency	on behalf of	B

Job	Example	English	Stage
Like, on an event	zazozon hewem bladozal vowurol.	Azozon walks like a duck.	B
Like, on a noun	zohehal gewem blazozon.	A house like Azozon's.	B
Like an event: blarl	zazozon vowurol hewem blarl zadozal vazuvol.	Azozon walks the way a duck swims.	B
Alike	zazozon zalazun zal gewem.	Azozon and Alazun are alike.	B
Exactly like	zazozon hewel bladozal vowurol.	Azozon walks exactly like a duck.	I
In exchange	zazozon danal heham blohowel veham.	Azozon trades a book for a hammer.	B
On behalf of	zazozon hanem blalazun vezuyol.	Azozon speaks on behalf of Alazun.	B

Where, around, between

Plain in, on, at, from, toward are hooks; write the source before the goal. Between, across, and around need a root.

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
hedam / gedam	between two landmarks (one joined /b/)	between	I
hohom / gohom	from one edge to the far edge	across	I
hevam / gevam	on all sides of one landmark	around	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Between	zalazun vehohel hedam bledavol blawahol bal.	Alazun sits between a train and a station.	I
Across	zazozon vowurol hohom blawahol.	Azozon walks across the station.	I
Around	zogozelx vehohel hevam bledavol.	Cats sit around a train.	I
From, toward	zazozon ul bawahol vowurol oel bedavol.	Azozon walks from a station toward a train.	I
Out of, in	zalazun ual bohehal veruvol al bedavol.	Alazun runs out of a house into a train.	I

Of

English of names how one noun sits toward another. The /b/ is what comes after of.

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
hobom / gobom	a constitutive piece	part of	I
hadam / gadam	filling of a vessel	contents of	I
hulom / gulom	the material	made of	I
haham / gaham	origin	from (origin)	I
hozowum / gozowum	a portion cut from a whole	a piece of / a slice of	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Part of	zazozon dahebal gobom blalazun vayebel.	Azozon sees one of Alazun's hands.	I
Contents of	zazozon dedodal gadam bledudal vayebel.	Azozon sees a teapot full of tea.	I
Made of	zazozon dohehal gulom blulol vayebel.	Azozon sees a house made of wood.	I
From	zalazun gaham blazahol vowurol.	Alazun, who is from the city, walks.	I
A piece of: substance first	zazozon dobodel gozowum vayebel.	Azozon sees a piece of bread.	I

Social ties

Put the tie root on /ɡ/ with -m, then the other person in /b/.

Ageben	Use	English	Stage
gamayam + /b/	companion of /b/	friend of	B
gegobom + /b/	the one /b/ answers to	boss of	B
gohuyam + /b/	partner of /b/	partner of	B
gabolem + /b/	the one /b/ looks after	in the care of	B

Job	Example	English	Stage
Friend of	zalazun gamayam blazozon.	Alazun is Azozon's friend.	B
Friends	zazozon zalazun zal gamayam.	Azozon and Alazun are friends.	B
In the care of	zalazun gabolem blazozon.	Alazun is in Azozon's care.	B

As of

Whose-now is speech-now unless you move it. henam claims the moment as real; hunom only holds a place. /h/ covers the clause, /ɡ/ one noun, /w/ the adjective right after, /th/ the stances. A clause takes one pair; to keep the same whose-now, repeat the word with -r and no /b/.

Ageben	Use	English	Stage
henam / genam / wenam	a real now	as of (dated ledger)	A
hunom / gunom / wunom	a placeholder now	as of (placeholder now)	A
henar / hunor	resume that whose-now	same books	A

Ageben	Use	English	Stage
thenam	stances as of a real now	I thought / I felt (then)	A
thunom	stances as of a now you are not claiming	I would think / I'd feel	A
thenar / thunor	resume that stance-now	still as I saw it then	A

Job	Example	English	Stage
As of a date	zalazun haram henam bl_#22,7 vudurul.	As of 22 July, Alazun had left and was still gone.	A
Resume the same now	zalazun haram henam bl_#22,7 vudurul. xazozon haram henar vowurol.	…As of that same day, Azozon's walk still counted too.	A
Stance then	zalazun thenam bl_#22,7 thomam vudurul.	On 22 July, I thought Alazun might leave.	A
Back then	zalazun thenam blrul thomam vudurul.	Back then, I thought Alazun might leave.	A

Same root as

Each pole, linker, and relation word is the abstract sense of an ordinary root. Use the picture to remember it.

Forms	Same root as	Stage
thahum because, thohem if, thebem only if, thehom if and only if	ahul 🧱, ohel 🚪, ebel 🧻, ehol ↔️	B
hezem although, herom while, harum until, huvahum by the time	ezel 🦓, erol ♊, arul ⏲️, uvahul 🏁	B
habam before, halam after, hovam so that	abal 🎒, alal ⌛, oval 🥅	B
xahom, xezem, xugorom	ahom ➡️, ezem 🦓, ugorom 🕰️	I
xevewom, xugohum, xavedam	evewom 🎞️, ugohum 🚧, avedam 🍟	I
hewem like, heham in exchange for, hanem on behalf of	ewel 🪞, ehal 💱, anel 🪪	B
hedam between, hohom across, hevam around	edal 🥪, ohol 🌉, eval 🎠	I
hobom part of, hadam contents of, hulom made of	obol 🦴, adal 🫙, ulol 🪵	I
haham from, hozowum a piece of	ahal 🗾, ozowul 🪚	I
gamayam friend, gegobom boss, gohuyam partner, gabolem care	amayal Mrs Claus, egobol crown, ohuyal holding hands, abolel house plant	B
henam as of (ledger), hunom as of (placeholder)	enal 📒, unol 🔖	A

Don't mix up

This	vs	That
darl that … (a statement as content)		derl whether … (a question as content)
dorl to … (an instruction)		durl not to … (something to avoid)
darl that … (points forward)		darth so (points back)
hovam blarl so that (an aim, not claimed)		hahom blarl so … that (the result happened)
thohem blarl if (a condition)		derl whether (an open question)
xahom therefore (starts a sentence)		hezem blarl although (attaches a clause)
hewem like (resembles, and is real)		hewel exactly like (a perfect match)
gadam contents of (what a vessel holds)		al in (a place hook)
hanem on behalf of (an agent)		heham in exchange for (the other half of a swap)
henam as of (a dated now)		halam after (a time for the event)