VP and clause forms
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Verb-phrase and clause forms
Joins already used vam and xam. The same vowels and -l / -m / -r endings work under /v/, /x/, and stance /th/. Clause -n forms are in Sequence; /v/ -n forms are join-act verbs.
| -l | -m | -r | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | val / xal / thal | vam / xam / tham | var / xar / thar |
| o | vel / xel / thel | vem / xem / them | ver / xer / ther |
| u | vul / xul / thul | vum / xum / thum | vur / xur / thur |
| ao | vael / xael / thael | vaem / xaem / thaem | none |
| ua | vual / xual / thual | vuam / xuam / thuam | none |
| uo | vuel / xuel / thuel | vuem / xuem / thuem | none |
| e | vol / xol / thol | vom / xom / thom | vor / xor / thor |
| ae | vaol / xaol / thaol | vaom / xaom / thaom | none |
| oe | voel / xoel / thoel | voem / xoem / thoem | none |
| ue | vuol / xuol / thuol | vuom / xuom / thuom | none |
Stacked vowels take no -r under /v/ or /x/ (the none cells); only a stance join has stacked -r, as a fill-ask.
Each item in a verb-phrase join is a verb plus the words that go with it, and an item ends at its verb. One rule places every word: a word before a verb belongs to that verb. An /h/, /d/, or /b/ word, or a hook with its /b/, between two joined verbs belongs to the verb after it. In vowurol hadurom veruvol val, hastily is on run, not walk. In the same way, an object or a /b/ party between two verbs goes only with the second verb:
zazozon vowurol dahelan vayebel val.z-Azozon | [v-walk | [d-Ahelan | v-see] | v-and]
"Azozon walks and sees Ahelan."
zazozon vowurol bahelan vezuyol val.z-Azozon | [v-walk | [b-Ahelan | v-tell] | v-and]
"Azozon walks and talks to Ahelan."
The first item starts at the subject: the words between the subject and the first verb belong to the first verb. With no subject in the clause, the first item reaches back to the start of the clause.
zazozon dabedal vugudol vehohel val.z-Azozon | [[d-popcorn | v-cooking] | v-sit | v-and]
"Azozon cooked popcorn and sat."
zazozon hadurom vugudol veruvol val.z-Azozon | [[h-haste | v-cooking] | v-run | v-and]
"Azozon cooks hastily and runs."
Each verb takes its own recipient the same way, so one clause can name two:
zalazun bahelan vezuyol bazozon varal val.z-Alazun | [[b-Ahelan | v-tell] | [b-Azozon | v-pay] | v-and]
"Alazun talks to Ahelan and pays Azozon."
A hook with its /b/ is an item word too:
zazozon vowurol al bahaham vezuvel val.z-Azozon | [v-walk | [[in | b-locality] | v-sleep] | v-and]
"Azozon walks, and sleeps in the village."
Words that every verb shares go in one of two places. After the join, a /d/ object, a recipient /b/, or an /h/ adverb is SHARED: every verb takes it. The join counts as the verb, so a recipient right after it is in its usual place.
zazozon vugudol vagedal val dabedal.z-Azozon | [v-cooking | v-eat | v-and | d-popcorn]
"Azozon cooks and eats popcorn."
zazozon vowurol veruvol val hahunom.z-Azozon | [v-walk | v-run | v-and | h-intensity]
"Azozon walks and runs, both intensely."
zalazun vezuyol varal val bazozon hahunom.z-Alazun | [v-tell | v-pay | v-and | b-Azozon | h-intensity]
"Alazun talks to Azozon and pays them, both intensely."
Before the subject, a word covers every verb. That is the place for scene-setting words (h_15,30 zazozon vowurol veruvol val at 15:30 Azozon walks and runs), and for a shared object when you want the verbs last. English works the same way: a fronted object is shared, and cooked popcorn and ate is not.
dabedal zazozon vugudol vagedal val.d-popcorn | z-Azozon | [v-cooking | v-eat | v-and]
"Popcorn, Azozon cooked and ate."
A verb that has its own object takes no shared object, and a verb that has its own recipient takes no shared recipient. After dabedal vugudol vagedal val, a shared object would give cook two objects, so it is not a sentence. Put the second object in its own verb's item instead (dabedal vugudol daledel vagedal val).
A stance /th/ word and an intention adverb are never item words, wherever they sit: like any stance word, each is about the whole claim. A bl- word right after an /h/, /ɡ/, or /th/ word still completes that word.
With no subject, a statement with a shared object starts with its verbs (vugudol vagedal val dabedal), which is the usual order for a command. Name the subject when the act could be misheard.
A rank join on verb phrases puts the acts in order of priority, so the earlier act is the one preferred: would rather walk than run.
zazozon vowurol veruvol vol.z-Azozon | [v-walk | v-run | v-rank/more]
"Azozon would rather walk than run."
Nothing is SHARED after a clause (/x/) join; each clause carries its own words.
Sequence ao keeps its phrase meaning in both roles: the first item is where you start. Under /v/ it is one subject doing steps in order; under /x/ it fences a list of steps whose order is part of the message (a recipe, directions). Standalone xaol says the steps can go in any order.
zazozon vowurol veruvol vaol.z-Azozon | [v-walk | v-run | v-in-order]
"Azozon walks, then runs."
Compare with: clause xan (sequence) tells what happened next, one step at a time. xaol makes the order part of the claim (a recipe, directions): A xaol B xaol C says these steps go in this order. With rank uo, xuon steps backward: A xuon B says B happened before A.
A clause join with no clause before it is standalone, like zal nothing: xal means nothing happened, and open xam adds as far as I know.
xam.x-and.open
"Nothing happened, as far as I know."
All the clauses in an /x/ join share one speech act. Any /y/ word goes before the first clause only; the later clauses take the same act and leave /y/ out.
zazozon vowurol xan zalazun veruvol.[z-Azozon | v-walk | x-and-then | z-Alazun | v-run]
"Azozon walks, and then Alazun runs."
zazozon vowurol xel zalazun veruvol xal zahelan vezuvel.[[z-Azozon | v-walk | x-or-exactly-one | z-Alazun | v-run] | x-and | z-Ahelan | v-sleep]
"Either Azozon walks or Alazun runs, and Ahelan sleeps." (only one of the first two)
Practice
Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a baton pass
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| Ahelan | ahelan |
| run | veruvol |
| punch | vabuvul |
| walk | vowurol |
| sleep | vezuvel |
| scream | veyamul |
English → Ageben
1. Alazun runs and punches Ahelan.
Show answer
zalazun veruvol dahelan vabuvul val.
z-Alazun | [v-run | [d-Ahelan | v-punch] | v-and]
2. Azozon walks and Alazun runs.
Show answer
zazozon vowurol xam zalazun veruvol.
[z-Azozon | v-walk | x-and.open | z-Alazun | v-run]
3. Ahelan sleeps, and something else happened too.
Show answer
zahelan vezuvel xam xar.
[z-Ahelan | v-sleep | x-and.open | x-something]
Ageben → English
1. zalazun veruvol dahelan vabuvul vel.
Show answer
z-Alazun | [v-run | [d-Ahelan | v-punch] | v-or-exactly-one]
Alazun runs or punches Ahelan. (exactly one)
2. zazozon veyamul xam zalazun vezuvel.
Show answer
[z-Azozon | v-scream | x-and.open | z-Alazun | v-sleep]
Azozon screams, and Alazun sleeps.
3. xam.
Show answer
x-and.open
Nothing happened, as far as I know.
Pick one
1. Alazun walks and runs. zalazun vowurol veruvol val. or zalazun vowurol xam veruvol.
Show answer
zalazun vowurol veruvol val.
z-Alazun | [v-walk | v-run | v-and]
Two verbs of one subject close with a /v/ join; /x/ would start a new clause.
Fix it
1. Azozon walks and Ahelan sleeps. zazozon vowurol zahelan vezuvel.
Show answer
zazozon vowurol xam zahelan vezuvel.
[z-Azozon | v-walk | x-and.open | z-Ahelan | v-sleep]
Two clauses take an /x/ join between them.