Joins and hooks cheat sheet

A quick look at joins, joins across roles, hooks, and discourse hooks. Nothing here is new: each row links to the section that teaches it. Stage: B Beginner, I Intermediate, A Advanced.

One vowel map

Joins and hooks share their vowels. Single vowels and the join ua are Beginner; the other stacked vowels are Intermediate.

Vowel	Join after a list	Hook between two same-role words	Hook before /b/ (-l / -m)
a	and	including	in / amid
o	rank: first matters most	or rather	for / used by
e	pick one	instead	at / near
u	not / neither / none of	except	from / away from
ao	in order: A, then B		using / by
ua	everything but; alone everything	range: strictly between	out of / out from among
uo	rank reversed: last first	range: outside A–B	against / contrary to
ae	and/or (at least one)		on / over
oe	tie: equal rank	range: A through B	toward / in the direction of
ue	anything but		through / by way of

Joins

Endings

Ending	On a join	Stage
-l	closed: the listed items are the only ones	B
-m	open: (and possibly more); alone, as far as I know	B
-r	one unnamed member (something, someone); one vowel only	B
-rx	an unnamed group (zarx some ones); /z/ /d/ /b/ only	B
-n	/z/ /d/ /b/: a named list; /x/: sequence; /v/: join-act verb; /ɡ/ /h/: join-relation	I–A

Shape

Rule	Example	English	Stage
Items first, then the join; its first letter matches the items	zodozel zogozel zal	a dog and a cat	B
	vowurol veruvol vam	walks and runs (and possibly more)	B
Clause joins (/x/) go between clauses	zazozon vowurol xam zalazun veruvol	Azozon walks and Alazun runs	B
A different clause join closes everything before it	A xel B xal C	(A or B) and C	B
Nest by stacking joins	zedudal zogudal zel zowulal zal	either tea or coffee, and water	I
Scope island keeps a small list inside a bigger one of the same role	zazozon { zowulal zal } zam	Azozon and (just water)	A

How many items

The same join reads differently with two or more items, one item, or none. Shown under /z/; swap the first letter for any role. Full lists: single-item and standalone inventories.

Join	2+ items	1 item (X)	No items	Stage
zal	A and B	just X	nothing / nobody	B
zam	A and B (and possibly more)	X, for one	nothing, as far as I know	B
zel	A or B (pick one)	the only option is X	no options	B
zem	A or B (optional)	X (optional)	no pick, as far as I know	B
zul	neither A nor B	not X	no	B
zum	neither A nor B (and possibly more)	not X (and possibly more)	no, as far as I know	B
zual	everything but A and B	everything but X	everything / everyone	B
zol	A matters more than B	only X matters	no favorite	B
zom		X first / mainly X	no favorite, as far as I know	B
zar	some one of A and B	some (unknown) X	something / someone	B
zer	any of A and B is fine	any X	anything / anyone	B
zur	some one other than A and B	something other than X	something else	B
zor	pick by ranking	preferably some X	whatever's most important	B
zael	A and/or B	X is enough	all set	I
zuel	anything but A and B	anything but X	anything (goes)	I
zaol	A, then B	start with X	in no particular order	I
zaom	roughly A, then B	maybe start with X	not sure where to start	I
zoel	A and B tied	X tied for	it's a draw	I
zuol	A, B, from last to first	X last	no least-favorite	I

A clause join (/x/) has no one-item reading. Alone, it stands for a clause: xal nothing happened, xar something happened.

Around a join

Job	Example	English	Stage
SHARED: describe every item, right after the join	zodozel zogozel zal gamahum	a challenging dog and a challenging cat	I
Every K	zual gogozel	every cat	I
K in general	zuam gogozel	cats in general	I
The kind itself	zuan gogozel	the cat (as a species)	I
No K	zul gogozel	no cat	I
Not every K	zual gogozel zul	not every cat	I
Every, by set	zual gwedanam blayan	everyone we know	I
Respectively	zazozon zalazun zal vayebel dogozel dodozel wubam dal	saw a cat and a dog, respectively	I
Deny the whole list	vowurol veruvol val vul	not both walk and run	I
Deny each item	vowurol veruvol vul	neither walk nor run	B
Named list	zobodel zubudal zan	bread and butter (the set phrase)	A

Joins across roles

The vowels keep their moves under /v/, /ɡ/, /h/, and /x/. With -n, they become join-act verbs, join-relations (always followed by one /b/), and clause sequence words. Sequence is Beginner; join-act and join-relations are Intermediate.

Vowel	Verb (/v/ + object)	Relation (/ɡ/ / /h/ + /b/)	Between clauses (/x/)
a	van includes	gan / han including, with	xan and then
o	von prioritizes	gon / hon prioritizing
ao	vaon starts with	gaon / haon starting with
u	vun refuses	gun / hun against, refusing	xun and then not
ua	vuan excludes	guan / huan without
uo	vuon deprioritizes	guon / huon deprioritizing	xuon and before that
e	ven chooses	gen / hen exclusive for	xen or maybe, failing that
ae	vaen picks (more may follow)	gaen / haen open to, among options	xaen and/or maybe
oe	voen equates	goen / hoen on a par with
ue	vuen bars	guen / huen anything but

Stance joins (/th/) work on the stance words before them, not the claim: thahum blerulal thul not because of the rain. With clause grounds, the join goes before blarl: thahum thul blarl not because …. Alone, they say how to take the claim:

Ageben	English	Ageben	English
thal	at face value	thul	no judgment
thual	all things considered	thol	impartially
thoel	equally balanced	thar (in a question)	why do you say so?

Hooks

A hook has no role letter: just a vowel (or two) and an ending. Tell the kinds apart by what sits around it.

Around the hook	Kind	Example	English	Stage
two words in the same role	same-role	zuvayal al zazozon	the family, including Azozon	B
front of the sentence	glue to prior talk	al zazozon vowurol	Additionally, Azozon walks	B
/b/ right after, no recipient /b/ right before	extra noun	zodozel vezuvel al bohehal	a dog sleeps in a house	B
-r, nothing on the right	point back	zalazun vehohel er	Alazun sits there	I
stacked vowel between two same-role words	range	zazozon oel zahelan	Azozon through Ahelan	I
fused onto a citation	hook compound	vowurolul	leave	A
hook vowels, then x and a stem	hook prefix	guoxuvuvul	anti-fighting	A
role letter, hook vowels, x, a join, then a bl- landmark	hooked join	zexual blohehal	everyone at the house	A

Same-role and front of sentence

-l: B is the whole story. -m: and maybe more (in-clause) or one of several (at the front). -n names the whole phrase: dedudal en dogudal Coffee-Instead-of-Tea (a cafe).

Hook	A HOOK B	At the front	-m at the front	Stage
al	A, including B	Additionally, …	am Among other things, …	B
ol	A, or rather B	In other words, …	om To put it one way, …	B
el	B instead of A	Instead, … / Actually, …	em Instead, for instance, …	B
ul	A except B	Except, …	um Except, among other exceptions, …	B
aol		In fact, …	aom In fact, and maybe more, …	I
ael		For example, …	aem For example, among others, …	I
er		Anyway, …		I
or		As I said, …		I
ar		Going back to that, …		I
ur		Never mind that, …		I

More: parallel chains zuvayal am zazozon ul zalazun (each hook applies to A); detail on the hook wemem al even; ranges ual strictly between, uol outside, uar someone between. All Intermediate.

Extra nouns

Hook, then the landmark in /b/. -m makes the landmark the general setting. -r drops the landmark and points back. Fused onto a citation, the hook makes a verb (shown from walk). Its vowels before x (or mx for the -m frame) and a stem make a hook prefix. With an abstract landmark the hook keeps its picture: al babowum in a crisis, ual baram out of debt.

-l	-m	-r	Fused -l	Prefix -l	Prefix -m
al in	am amid	ar in there	owurolal enter	gaxohehal indoor	gamxohalal mid-ocean
ael on	aem over	aor on it	owurolaol mount	gaexohalal seagoing	gaemxohalal over the ocean
el at	em near	er there	owurolol attend	gexohehal at the house	gemxohehal near the house
oel toward	oem in the direction of		owuroloel head for	goexohehal houseward	goemxohehal facing the house
ul from, since	um away from	ur from there	owurolul leave	guxohehal from the house	gumxohehal away from the house
ual out of	uam out from among		owurolual exit	guaxowulal out of the water	guamxegayal picked from the group
uel through	uem by way of	uer through there	owuroluol traverse	guexohalal transoceanic	guemxohol bridge-routed
ol for	om used by (B's)	or for it	owurolel serve	goxohehal household	gomxegayal group-owned
aol using	aom by	aer with it	owurolael wield	gaoxowulal water-powered	gaomxorahol road-borne
uol against	uom contrary to		owuroluel oppose	guoxohalal sea-facing	guomxawulol headwind

Stage: one-vowel extra-noun -l (al el ul ol) Beginner on hooks; two-vowel extra-noun and om Beginner on extra nouns; abstract landmarks Intermediate; fused forms and prefixes Advanced.

Hooked joins

Role letter, the hook's vowels (m for its frame, r to point back), x, then a join; the landmark follows as a bl- word and bounds who counts. On /h/ the join is a bare restrictor and the landmark a time. All Advanced.

Ageben	English
zexual blohehal	everyone at the house
zemxual bluwen / zumxual blayan	everyone here / everyone over there
zuoxual bluwen	everyone against me
doxar bluwen	something for me
zexuam blual	people anywhere, in general
zerxual	everyone there (the place just named)
haxual blanulul	always, during the thunderstorm
hexar blanulul	at some point at the thunderstorm
huxal blanulul	never since the thunderstorm
hoexual blanulul	always, until the thunderstorm
hemxual blanulul	always, around the time of the thunderstorm
hurxal	never since then
huxal blarl + clause	never since (that happened)

Handy phrases

Ageben	English	Stage
ul barl + clause	since (that happened)	B
el bar	somewhere; in a question, where?	B
el bur / el bal / el bual	somewhere else / nowhere / everywhere	B
aol bar (in a question)	with what?	B
em buwen / em bawan	here, this / there by you, that	B
em bayan / um bayan	here with us / over there	B
vavobol oel buwen	comes to me	B
velobal dubogal oel buwen	brings me the package	B
zodozel om buwen	my dog (in my use)	B

Don't mix up

This	vs	That
zodozel zul no dog (join denies)		zuvayal ul zazozon the family except Azozon (hook takes B out of A)
zexual blohehal vezuvel everyone at the house sleeps (who counts)		zual vezuvel el bohehal everyone sleeps at the house (where it happens)
zuhunam gan blazozon a team including Azozon (join-relation)		zuhunam al zazozon the team, including Azozon (afterthought)
zazozon zahelan zal the two of them (vs a range)		zazozon oel zahelan Azozon through Ahelan; zazozon zahelan zaol Azozon, then Ahelan
hook oel toward X (where a path ends)		zaol + X start with X (where it starts)
xan and then (what happened next)		xaol (the order is part of the claim: a recipe)
vun refuses		vuan excludes
el … Instead, … (replaces the last claim)		er … Anyway, … (back to the main line)