Ending grids
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Ending grids
Beginner already used closed -l and open -m for how complete B is, or how this sentence attaches to prior talk.
In-clause
| -l | -m | |
|---|---|---|
| a (including) | al: including B | am: including B, and maybe more |
| o (rather) | ol: or rather B | om: or rather B, and maybe more |
| e (instead) | el: instead (B in place of A) | em: B instead of A, B being one of several possible replacements |
| u (except) | ul: except B | um: except B, and maybe more |
Discourse
At the front of a sentence, -m says this sentence is one of several you could say there: one more point among others, one way to reword, one possible replacement, one exception among others.
| -l | -m | |
|---|---|---|
| a (additionally) | al: Additionally, … | am: Among other things, … |
| o (in other words) | ol: In other words, … | om: To put it one way, … |
| e (instead) | el: Instead, … | em: Instead, for instance, … |
| u (except) | ul: Except, … | um: Except, among other exceptions, … |
To make a whole A HOOK B phrase into a name (a store, a title, a handle), give the hook -n (titled phrases). Otherwise use -l or -m. The two sides keep their usual endings (kinds -l, abstracts -m, a name -n).
dedudal en dogudal.NAME[d-tea | instead | d-coffee]
"Coffee-Instead-of-Tea" (a cafe name)
Compare with: no dog / not X uses a prefixed join (zodozel zul). The hook ul, with no role letter, always takes a B out of A.
zodozel zul.[z-dog | z-not]
"No dog."
Abstract landmarks (in a crisis, out of debt)
English uses the same prepositions for states, plans, and conditions as for places: in a crisis, on a policy, out of debt. Ageben does the same. Put a noun in its abstract -m sense right after an extra-noun hook, and the hook keeps the picture it has with a place: a state is something you are in, a plan is a surface you stand on, a tendency is somewhere you head toward, a condition is something you get out of. So a new pairing needs no new word: read the hook's picture in an abstract space.
zalazun vavobol ual baram.z-Alazun | v-go | [out-of | b-debt]
"Alazun gets out of debt."
zazozon varuyol uol bonam.z-Azozon | v-write | [against | b-policy]
"Azozon writes against the policy."
| Hook | Abstract landmark | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
al in | a state or condition you are inside | al babowum | in a crisis |
ael on | a plan, rule, or footing you stand on | ael bonam | on policy |
el at | a point of concern or a status | el bobevam | at issue |
oel toward | a tendency you head toward | oel buzebum | toward a habit |
ul from | what something comes from or owes to | ul buzobam | from heritage |
ual out of | a condition you leave | ual baram | out of debt |
uel through | something you last through | uel babowum | through the crisis |
ol for | what you favor | ol bonam | for the policy |
aol using | what you go by | aol bogarem | by tradition |
uol against | what you oppose | uol bonam | against the policy |
The frames read the same way, with the landmark as the general setting: am babowum amid the crisis, uom bonam contrary to the policy. A reading that needs a different picture is not a hook reading; say it with its own word.
Compare with: the landmark's -m picks its abstract sense (babowum catastrophe, where babowul is bomb); the hook's own -m (am, uom) makes the landmark the setting. The two choices are separate, and a word can take both.
Detail on the hook (/w/)
To add detail to the hook itself (hesitantly excepting, never excepting), put a /w/ word right before the hook. A /w/ word always describes the word right after it, and a hook takes one the same way a /ɡ/ or /h/ word does. A restrictor works there too. The hook's right-hand piece follows as usual.
On a same-role hook, the detail describes the except (or including, rather, instead). An /h/ word in the clause still describes the verb.
zuvayal wuzugom ul zazozon.z-family | [w-hesitation | except] | z-Azozon
"The family, hesitantly excepting Azozon."
zuvayal wal ul zazozon.z-family | [w-never | except] | z-Azozon
"The family, never excepting Azozon."
A surprise word on the including hook gives English even: wemem al adds B and says openly that B is the one nobody expected.
zalazun wemem al zazozon vowurol.z-Alazun | [w-amazement | including] | z-Azozon | v-walk
"Alazun walks, and even Azozon does."
Compare with: zuvayal ul zazozon hadurom vuguyol puts haste on the cooking, not on the except.
On an extra-noun hook, /w/ goes before the hook and /b/ still comes right after it. A /ɡ/ word after the landmark still describes the landmark.
zodozel vezuvel wal al bohehal.z-dog | v-sleep | [[w-never | in] | b-house]
"A dog sleeps, never in a house."
A discourse hook takes /w/ the same way: welazem al zazozon vowurol is Additionally, very much so, Azozon walks. A /b/ right after the hook still makes it an extra-noun hook, not a discourse hook.
Ranges (oel / ual / uol)
When the items sit on a line with an order (people in a queue, days, chapters, numbers), English A through B names a range: A, B, and everything between. Put a stacked hook between two words in the same role: A HOOK B. Between same-role words these hooks name only ranges; with /b/ on the right and no /b/ on the left, they are extra-noun hooks (toward, out of, against).
zazozon oel zahelan vowurol.z-Azozon | through | z-Ahelan | v-walk
"Everyone from Azozon through Ahelan walks."
| Ageben | Use | English | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
oel | A, B, and everything between | A through B | o ≈ at + e ≈ for: start at A, head for B |
ual | only what lies between | strictly between A and B | ua ≈ take away both ends |
uol | only what lies outside | outside A–B | uo ≈ undo the stretch from A to B |
The range runs from A to B, in the order you say them. Endings work as on other hooks: -m makes the ends soft (roughly A through B), and -n names the range as a whole. -r stands in for one member you are not naming, and under a question it asks which one:
zazozon uar zahelan vezuvel.z-Azozon | some.strictly-between | z-Ahelan | v-sleep
"Someone between Azozon and Ahelan sleeps."
A range -r always has a word on each side (oer / uar / uor). With nothing on the right, extra-noun -r is not a range.
zazozon ual zahelan vezuvel.z-Azozon | strictly-between | z-Ahelan | v-sleep
"Everyone between Azozon and Ahelan sleeps." (not Azozon or Ahelan themselves)
Between two numbers with digits, plain al and ul also make a range, because 3, including 5 has nothing to include into.
A word right after B describes B alone, not the range. To describe the range itself, put /w/ right before the hook:
zazozon wemem oel zahelan vowurol.z-Azozon | [w-amazement | through] | z-Ahelan | v-walk
"Everyone from Azozon all the way through Ahelan walks." (a surprisingly wide range)
Compare with: zazozon zahelan zal is Azozon and Ahelan, the two ends only. zazozon zahelan zaol is Azozon, then Ahelan, an order with nothing between.
Practice
Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a newsroom
New words:
| English | Ageben | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| newspaper | unonal | 📰 |
| radio | arowel | 📻 |
| policy | onam | 📝 from memo |
Review:
| English | Ageben |
|---|---|
| Azozon | azozon |
| Alazun | alazun |
| Ahelan | ahelan |
| family | uvayal |
| surprise | emel |
| write | varuyol |
| run | veruvol |
| see | vayebel |
English → Ageben
1. The family, even Azozon, writes.
Show answer
zuvayal wemem al zazozon varuyol.
z-family | [w-amazement | including] | z-Azozon | v-write
2. Alazun writes a newspaper against the policy.
Show answer
zalazun dunonal varuyol uol bonam.
z-Alazun | d-newspaper | v-write | [against | b-policy]
3. Everyone from Azozon through Ahelan writes.
Show answer
zazozon oel zahelan varuyol.
z-Azozon | through | z-Ahelan | v-write
Ageben → English
1. zazozon uor zahelan veruvol.
Show answer
z-Azozon | some.outside | z-Ahelan | v-run
Someone outside the Azozon–Ahelan band runs.
2. zahelan dunonal em darowel vayebel.
Show answer
z-Ahelan | d-newspaper | instead.open | d-radio | v-see
Ahelan sees the radio instead of the newspaper. (one possible replacement)
3. zalazun varuyol ael bonam.
Show answer
z-Alazun | v-write | [on | b-policy]
Alazun writes on policy.
Pick one
1. Among other things, Alazun writes. am zalazun varuyol. or al zalazun varuyol.
Show answer
am zalazun varuyol.
additionally.open | z-Alazun | v-write
Open -m adds one of several points; al is a single extra point (Additionally).
Fix it
1. Everyone from Azozon through Ahelan sees. zazozon zahelan zal vayebel.
Show answer
zazozon oel zahelan vayebel.
z-Azozon | through | z-Ahelan | v-see
An and-join names only the two ends; a range of people puts oel between them.