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Revisers (including / rather / instead / except)
Prefix-less vowel + -l / -m / -n words that revise a role in the sentence, or glue this sentence to prior talk.
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Beginner
Repair a role, or glue to prior talk
Use a reviser when you want to tweak what you just named (in the same sentence), or to attach this sentence to what was already said.
Two placements, same spellings:
| Placement | Pattern | English job |
|---|---|---|
| In-clause | A REV B in the same role | including / rather / instead / except |
| Discourse | REV at the front of this sentence | additionally / in other words / instead / except |
The vowel is the vowel-series jobs: a add, e order (soft rank), o one (swap), u undo.
In-clause shape
A REV BBoth sides sit in the same role: both subjects, both objects, both adjectives, and so on. The first side is A; each reviser introduces the next right-hand side.
`zodogolsh am zagadal.`
gloss: `z-dog-sh` · `including.open` · `z-cat`
*Dogs, including a cat among others.*`dadedal ol dogovel.`
gloss: `d-tea` · `instead` · `d-coffee`
*Coffee instead of tea.* (object role)`zahadal ul zazawan.`
gloss: `z-team` · `except` · `z-grace@`
*The team except Azawan.*A list join names members together. A reviser repairs one side you already named:
`zodogol zagadal zam.`
gloss: `z-dog` · `z-cat` · `z-and.open`
*A dog and a cat.*`zodogolsh am zagadal.`
gloss: `z-dog-sh` · `including.open` · `z-cat`
*Dogs, including a cat among others.*Vowel meanings
| Vowel | Mnemonic | In-clause A REV B | Discourse |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | add | including: A, including B | additionally: a further point |
| e | order (soft rank) | rather: A, or rather B | in other words / rather: rephrase or soft-correct prior |
| o | one (swap) | instead: B in place of A | instead: this sentence replaces the prior claim |
| u | undo | except / but not: A except B | except: exception to the prior frame |
Endings (starter)
Every reviser takes -l, -m, or -n. When unsure between closed and open, prefer -m.
| Ending | Forms | Job | Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|---|
| -l | al / el / ol / ul | closed: the right-hand side (or this discourse move) is exhaustive / committed | same closed -l as elsewhere |
| -m | am / em / om / um | open: non-exhaustive / soft | same open -m as elsewhere |
| -n | an / en / on / un | named / conventional frame | same named -n as elsewhere |
-n here names a conventional frame (a titled Additionally, a stock swap). Clause and then is still xan.
Discourse shape (starter)
A discourse reviser glues this utterance to prior talk. Prior talk is A; this move is B.
| Form | Reading |
|---|---|
al … / al jal … | Additionally, … (committed) |
el … | In other words, … |
ol … | Instead, … |
ul … | Except, … (sole exception to the prior frame) |
Skip recoverable jal after the reviser when the body is a default statement.
`al zazawan vawalal.`
gloss: `additionally` · `z-grace@` · `v-walk`
*Additionally, Azawan walks.*Adversative but / however, therefore, meanwhile, and standalone next use other /x/ roots (core.md). Narrative and then between full sentences is clause xan.
Translation practice
Short drills on this Beginner band. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Roots used here: azawa grace (name Azawan) · ululo courage (name Ululon) · uhubu beauty (name Uhubun) · odogo dog · agada cat · adeda tea · ogove coffee · ahada team · uzumu smile → happy (-m) · ele elephant → size / big (-m) · awala walk · elebe sleep
English → Agalan
1. Dogs, including a cat among others.
Show answer
zodogolsh am zagadal.
2. Coffee fully replaces tea.
Show answer
dadedal ol dogovel.
3. The team except only Azawan.
Show answer
zahadal ul zazawan.
4. Additionally, Azawan walks.
Show answer
al zazawan vawalal.
5. A dog and a cat. (list join)
Show answer
zodogol zagadal zam.
6. Azawan is happy, or rather, big.
Show answer
zazawan guzumum el gelem.
7. Instead, Ululon sleeps.
Show answer
ol zululon velebel.
8. In other words, Uhubun is a dog.
Show answer
el zuhubun godogol.
Agalan → English
1. zodogolsh am zagadal.
Show answer
Dogs, including a cat among others.
2. dadedal ol dogovel.
Show answer
Coffee fully replaces tea.
3. zahadal ul zazawan.
Show answer
The team except only Azawan.
4. al zuhubun vawalal.
Show answer
Additionally, Uhubun walks.
5. el zululon guzumum.
Show answer
In other words, Ululon is happy.
6. zodogolsh al zagadal.
Show answer
Dogs, including only a cat.
7. zodogol zagadal zam.
Show answer
A dog and a cat.
8. ul zazawan velebel.
Show answer
Except, Azawan sleeps.
Intermediate
Ending grids
-l / -m mark closed vs open completeness of the right-hand side (in-clause) or of this discourse move. -n marks a named / conventional frame.
In-clause
| -l | -m | -n | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a (including; add) | al: including only B | am: including B among others | an: including B in a named/conventional A |
| e (rather; order) | el: B is the precise reading | em: B is a better wording | en: conventional / formulaic rephrase |
| o (instead; one) | ol: B fully replaces A | om: B is a replacement (not sworn unique) | on: stock / conventional swap |
| u (except; undo) | ul: except only B | um: except B (and maybe more) | un: except B from a named/conventional A |
Discourse
| -l | -m | -n | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a (additionally; add) | al: committed further point | am: soft / among further points | an: stock / titled Additionally |
| e (in other words; order) | el: precise rephrase of prior | em: softer rewording | en: stock paraphrase segue |
| o (instead; one) | ol: this claim fully replaces prior | om: a replacement claim | on: stock Instead, |
| u (except; undo) | ul: sole exception to prior frame | um: exception (maybe among others) | un: named / conventional exception frame |
Prefix-less ul excepts a right-hand side. Prefixed zul is a join (not X / bare no):
`zahadal ul zazawan.`
gloss: `z-team` · `except` · `z-grace@`
*The team except Azawan.*`zodogol zul.`
gloss: `z-dog` · `z-not`
*No dog.*Parallel chains
A REV₁ B REV₂ C ( REVᵢ SIDE )*Every REVᵢ applies in parallel to the same A, each with its own right-hand side. Vowels and endings may mix. English including (B except C) nests inside one side.
| Chain | Reading |
|---|---|
A am B am C | A including B and including C (both open) |
A al B al C | A including only B and only C |
A am B ul C | A including B (open), and except only C (closed) |
A ul B om C | A except only B, and C as a replacement for A |
A an B un C | named A including B, and except C from that named frame |
`zahadal am zazawan ul zululon.`
gloss: `z-team` · `including.open` · `z-grace@` · `except` · `z-courage@`
*The team, including Azawan, except only Ululon.*`guzumum el gerelum.`
gloss: `g-happy` · `rather` · `g-calm`
*Calm as the precise reading (rather than happy).*A revision chain starting at A consumes following same-role sides paired by REV, tighter than a list join: zodogol ol zagadal zubudul zam reads (dog instead of cat) and bird.
Same-role includes the verb phrase:
`vurunul om vawalal.`
gloss: `v-run` · `instead.open` · `v-walk`
*Ran, with walk as a replacement.*Discourse placements
Same spellings, same vowel meanings, four places:
| Placement | Shape | Speech act |
|---|---|---|
| Before a written turn marker | (vocative)* (interjection)* REV act-word BODY | The written jal / jol / … |
| Before a default-statement body | REV BODY | Implied jal / jam (core.md) |
Non-initial clause under /x/ | … REV BODY … JOIN | Same as the opener |
Before an /x/ linker | REV LINKER BODY | Same as prior talk |
- One REV per discourse opener (no parallel discourse chains on one turn marker). In-clause chains stay inside the body.
- After an explicit turn marker, the same spellings are only in-clause revisers.
On a non-initial conjunct under a clause /x/ fence, REV sits immediately before that conjunct’s body: A al B xam → A and additionally B.
Before an /x/ linker (therefore, however, …), REV scopes the linker+body stretch: al xezazal … → Additionally, therefore …. Prefer plain al … or plain xezazal … when one cue is enough.
`jazawan al zululon vawalal.`
gloss: `j-grace@` · `additionally` · `z-courage@` · `v-walk`
*Azawan: additionally, Ululon walks.* (vocative, then discourse reviser)Prefix-less al / am / an / el / em / en / ol / om / on / ul / um / un are these revisers (in-clause or discourse by placement). Longer prefix-less root + ending outside a sentence (odogol) is citation.
Related form: prefixed zal / zam / val … package lists with joins.
Translation practice
Short drills on this Intermediate band. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Roots used here: azawa grace (name Azawan) · ululo courage (name Ululon) · uhubu beauty (name Uhubun) · odogo dog · agada cat · adeda tea · ogove coffee · ahada team · uzumu smile → happy (-m) · erelu relief → calm (-m) · awala walk · urunu run · ezaza east → progress / therefore
English → Agalan
1. The team, including Azawan, except only Ululon.
Show answer
zahadal am zazawan ul zululon.
2. Azawan is happy, or rather, precisely calm.
Show answer
zazawan guzumum el gerelum.
3. Azawan: additionally, Ululon walks.
Show answer
jazawan al zululon vawalal.
4. Additionally, therefore Azawan walks.
Show answer
al xezazal zazawan vawalal.
5. Additionally, does Azawan walk?
Show answer
al jol zazawan vawalal.
6. The team, including Azawan and including Uhubun (both open).
Show answer
zahadal am zazawan am zuhubun.
7. Azawan walks and additionally Ululon runs.
Show answer
zazawan vawalal al zululon vurunul xam.
8. Tea, with coffee as a replacement (not sworn unique).
Show answer
dadedal om dogovel.
Agalan → English
1. zahadal am zazawan ul zululon.
Show answer
The team, including Azawan, except only Ululon.
2. zazawan guzumum el gerelum.
Show answer
Azawan is happy, or rather, precisely calm.
3. jazawan al zululon vawalal.
Show answer
Azawan: additionally, Ululon walks.
4. al xezazal zululon vurunul.
Show answer
Additionally, therefore Ululon runs.
5. al jol zazawan vawalal.
Show answer
Additionally, does Azawan walk?
6. zahadal am zazawan am zuhubun.
Show answer
The team, including Azawan and including Uhubun.
7. zazawan vawalal al zululon vurunul xam.
Show answer
Azawan walks and additionally Ululon runs.
8. zahadal an zazawan un zululon.
Show answer
The named team, including Azawan, and except Ululon from that named frame.
Advanced
Named frames and stock swaps
-n revisers mark a titled or conventional frame.
`zaredelsh an zelulul.`
gloss: `z-red-sh` · `including.named` · `z-blue`
*The reds (and associates), including blue in that named set.*`zaredelsh un zerenel.`
gloss: `z-red-sh` · `except.named` · `z-green`
*The reds (and associates) except green from that named frame.*`dadedal on dogovel.`
gloss: `d-tea` · `instead.named` · `d-coffee`
*The stock tea-to-coffee swap.*`zolozolsh al zahamel.`
gloss: `z-toolbox-sh` · `including` · `z-hammer`
*Tools, including only a hammer.*Exclusive high on a number range
Inside a measure range, prefix-less ul on the high endpoint reads up to but not including:
`z+3 ul z+5 zal gurulel.`
gloss: `z-three` · `except` · `z-five` · `z-and` · `g-measurement`
*[3, 5)* on the length continuum.See also
- List joins (and / or): coordination.md
- Prefix-less citation: core.md § Outside a sentence