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Join extras
Content words that name a join move (include, choose, without).
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Intermediate
Join-act verbs
Use a join-act when someone performs a coordination move on an object: include, choose, exclude, and the rest of this series.
Shape: /v/ + join vowel + -n (van, von, …). One /d/ object (one thing or a group). Put ordinary noun -sh on the object when the group is associative; verb -sh is collective.
The vowel is the join move; -n is join content. That is the only place join-word -n is not a proper name.
Mnemonic: the same four vowel jobs as elsewhere (a add, o one, e order, u undo). Stacked vowels combine those jobs.
`zazawan dabelel van.`
gloss: `z-grace@` · `d-apple` · `v-includes`
*Azawan includes/adds an apple.*Related form: packaging a list uses joins (zal / val / xal, …).
These are ordinary content verbs. Sequence of clauses (and then) uses clause sequence (xan, …) on coordination.md. Point back at a join-act you already used with a short resume or a full paraphrase.
| Form | Job | Vowel cue | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
van | includes / adds | a add | zazawan dabelel van: Azawan includes/adds an apple |
von | chooses (as the one choice) | o one | zazawan dadedal von: Azawan chooses tea (as the one choice) |
vaon | picks (more picks may follow) | ao add + one | zazawan dubagem vaon: Azawan picks dessert |
vun | denies / refuses | u undo | zazawan dululel vun: Azawan denies/refuses the lie |
vuan | excludes | ua undo + add | zazawan dabanul vuan: Azawan excludes peanuts |
vuon | bars (anything but) | uo undo + one | zazawan dogovel vuon: Azawan bars coffee (anything else is fine) |
ven | prioritizes | e order | zazawan dabugul ven: Azawan prioritizes the bug |
vaen | equates / ties | ae add in order | zazawan dululon duhubun dal vaen: Azawan equates Ululon and Uhubun |
voen | tries | oe one + order | zazawan dewenem voen: Azawan tries the workaround |
vuen | deprioritizes | ue undo + order | zazawan dubagem vuen: Azawan deprioritizes dessert |
English refuse vs leave out: zazawan dememal vun (Azawan refuses meat) vs zazawan dememal vuan (Azawan excludes meat). One locked choice vs an open pick: zazawan dabanul von vs zazawan dabanul vaon. Rank vs trial: zazawan dewenem ven (prioritizes the workaround) vs zazawan dewenem voen (tries the workaround). And then between sentences is SENT₁ SENT₂ xan, not van.
Join-relations
Use a join-relation when a host is framed by the same join-series move toward one /b/ argument: including peanuts, without meat, prioritizing the bug.
Shape: /ɡ/ or /h/ + join vowel + -n (gan / han, …). One /b/ argument (one thing or a group). Put ordinary noun -sh on that argument when the group is associative. For several members or an empty domain, put a phrase join inside the /b/ phrase (gan babanul bubagem bal), or use a standalone /b/ join as the only argument (gan bar = including something; guan bal = excluding nothing / stripped frame).
Same vowels as join-act verbs; -n is join content toward /b/ (same only exception as other join words). Keep the relation and its /b/ together: gan + /b/ on a noun; han + /b/ as one adverb.
Mnemonic: the same vowel jobs as the join-act table.
`zuragel gan babanul.`
gloss: `z-birthday-cake` · `g-including` · `b-peanut`
*Cake including / with peanuts.*Content including needs that /b/ (gan b…). A stock label uses a mention span.
Not the same job as: adjective joins (gal / gam / gar). Join-relations take -n toward one /b/.
Compare with: under /h/ use restrictors (hal, hual, har, …).
| Form | /ɡ/ (N … b-X) | /h/ (event … b-X) | Vowel cue | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
gan / han | including / with | with / including | a add | zuragel gan babanul; zazawan han bululon vawalal |
gon / hon | exclusive for (X is N’s sole pick) | exclusively for / as the one | o one | zahadam gon bazawan; … hon bazawan vawalal |
gaon / haon | open to (X admitted; more may follow) | among options | ao add + one | zuragel gaon babanul; … haon babanul vawalal |
gun / hun | against / anti- (refuses X) | refusing | u undo | zuragel gun babanul; … hun bememal |
guan / huan | without / excluding | excluding | ua undo + add | zuragel guan babanul; … huan babanul vawalal |
guon / huon | open to anything but (X barred; rest free) | barring / anything but | uo undo + one | zunudel guon babanul; … huon babanul vawalal |
gen / hen | prioritizing / headed by | prioritizing | e order | zuzebul gen babugul; … hen babugul vewenem |
gaen / haen | on a par with | equating / tying | ae add in order | zadedal gaen bogovel; … haen bululon vawalal |
goen / hoen | for trying / trial of | trying | oe one + order | zuzebul goen bewenem; … hoen bewenem vawalal |
guen / huen | deprioritizing / trailing | deprioritizing | ue undo + order | zuragel guen bubagem; … huen bubagem vawalal |
Anti- vs without: gun bememal vs guan bememal. Without X vs anything but X: guan babanul vs guon babanul. Sole pick vs among options: gon bazawan vs gaon bazawan. Workaround-first vs try-the-workaround: gen bewenem vs goen bewenem.
English including as a slot repair is a reviser: zahadam gan bazawan (a team including Azawan) vs zahadam al zazawan (the team, including Azawan).
Keep list or empty arity on the /b/ argument. Join-relations take -n.
Translation practice
Short drills on this Intermediate band. Try each item before opening Show answer. Name a join-act (van / von / …) when someone does the move to an object; name a join-relation (gan / han / … plus one /b/) when a host is framed including / without / prioritizing something.
Roots used here: azawa / ululo / uhubu (house names); abele apple; adeda tea; ubage dessert; ulule lie; abanu peanut; ogove coffee; abugu bug; ewene workaround; urage birthday-cake; unude water; ahada team; awala walk; uzebu problem; emema meat.
English → Agalan
1. Azawan includes an apple.
Show answer
zazawan dabelel van.
2. Cake including peanuts.
Show answer
zuragel gan babanul.
3. Ululon chooses tea (as the one choice).
Show answer
zululon dadedal von.
4. Azawan walks with Ululon.
Show answer
zazawan han bululon vawalal.
5. Azawan excludes peanuts.
Show answer
zazawan dabanul vuan.
6. Cake without peanuts.
Show answer
zuragel guan babanul.
7. Azawan picks dessert (more picks may follow).
Show answer
zazawan dubagem vaon.
Agalan → English
1. zululon dululel vun.
Show answer
Ululon refuses / denies the lie.
2. zazawan dogovel vuon.
Show answer
Azawan bars coffee (anything else is fine).
3. zahadam gon bazawan.
Show answer
A team exclusive for Azawan (Azawan is the sole pick).
4. zazawan dewenem voen.
Show answer
Azawan tries the workaround.
5. zahadam gan bazawan.
Show answer
A team including Azawan.
6. zazawan hen babugul vewenem.
Show answer
Azawan works the workaround, prioritizing the bug.
7. zazawan dululon duhubun dal vaen.
Show answer
Azawan equates Ululon and Uhubun.
See also
- List joins (right-close fence): coordination.md
- Causal readings of open / without: causation.md
- Prefix-less including / instead: revisers.md